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Standard Methods For the Examination of Water and Wastewater

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10.2105/SMWW 10.2105/SMWW.2882 Standard Methods For the Examination of Water and Wastewater 23rd American Public Health Association ISBN-13: 9780875532875 2018
Copyright © 2017 by American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association, Water Environment Federation 2017 American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association, Water Environment Federation
10.2105/SMWW.2882.001 PREFACE 10.2105/SMWW.2882.002 STANDARD METHODS COMMITTEE 10.2105/SMWW.2882.003 PART 1000 ANALYTICAL AND DATA QUALITY SYSTEMS 10.2105/SMWW.2882.004 1010 INTRODUCTION 10.2105/SMWW.2882.005 1020 QUALITY ASSURANCE 10.2105/SMWW.2882.006 1030 DATA QUALITY 10.2105/SMWW.2882.007 1040 METHOD DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION 10.2105/SMWW.2882.008 1050 EXPRESSION OF RESULTS 10.2105/SMWW.2882.009 1060 COLLECTION AND PRESERVATION OF SAMPLES 10.2105/SMWW.2882.010 1080 REAGENT WATER 10.2105/SMWW.2882.011 1090 LABORATORY OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY 10.2105/SMWW.2882.012 1100 WASTE MINIMIZATION AND DISPOSAL 10.2105/SMWW.2882.013 PART 2000 PHYSICAL AND AGGREGATE PROPERTIES OF WATER AND WASTEWATER 10.2105/SMWW.2882.014 2010 INTRODUCTION 10.2105/SMWW.2882.015 2020 QUALITY ASSURANCE/QUALITY CONTROL 10.2105/SMWW.2882.016 2110 APPEARANCE 10.2105/SMWW.2882.017 2120 COLOR 10.2105/SMWW.2882.018 2130 TURBIDITY 10.2105/SMWW.2882.019 2150 ODOR 10.2105/SMWW.2882.020 2160 TASTE 10.2105/SMWW.2882.021 2170 FLAVOR PROFILE ANALYSIS 10.2105/SMWW.2882.022 2310 ACIDITY 10.2105/SMWW.2882.023 2320 ALKALINITY 10.2105/SMWW.2882.024 2330 CALCIUM CARBONATE SATURATION 10.2105/SMWW.2882.025 2340 HARDNESS 10.2105/SMWW.2882.026 2350 OXIDANT DEMAND/REQUIREMENT 10.2105/SMWW.2882.027 2510 CONDUCTIVITY 10.2105/SMWW.2882.028 2520 SALINITY 10.2105/SMWW.2882.029 2530 FLOATABLES 10.2105/SMWW.2882.030 2540 SOLIDS 10.2105/SMWW.2882.031 2550 TEMPERATURE 10.2105/SMWW.2882.032 2560 PARTICLE COUNTING AND SIZE DISTRIBUTION 10.2105/SMWW.2882.033 2570 ASBESTOS 10.2105/SMWW.2882.034 2580 OXIDATION–REDUCTION POTENTIAL (ORP) 10.2105/SMWW.2882.035 2710 TESTS ON SLUDGES 10.2105/SMWW.2882.036 2720 ANAEROBIC SLUDGE DIGESTER GAS ANALYSIS 10.2105/SMWW.2882.037 2810 DISSOLVED GAS SUPERSATURATION 10.2105/SMWW.2882.038 PART 3000 METALS IN WATER AND WASTEWATER 10.2105/SMWW.2882.039 3010 INTRODUCTION 10.2105/SMWW.2882.040 3020 QUALITY ASSURANCE/QUALITY CONTROL 10.2105/SMWW.2882.041 3030 PRELIMINARY TREATMENT OF SAMPLES 10.2105/SMWW.2882.042 3110 INTRODUCTION TO DETERMINING METALS BY ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROMETRY 10.2105/SMWW.2882.043 3111 METALS BY FLAME ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROMETRY 10.2105/SMWW.2882.044 3112 METALS BY COLD-VAPOR ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROMETRY 10.2105/SMWW.2882.045 3113 METALS BY ELECTROTHERMAL ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROMETRY 10.2105/SMWW.2882.046 3114 ARSENIC AND SELENIUM BY HYDRIDE GENERATION ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROMETRY 10.2105/SMWW.2882.047 3120 METALS BY PLASMA EMISSION SPECTROSCOPY 10.2105/SMWW.2882.048 3125 METALS BY INDUCTIVELY COUPLED PLASMA-MASS SPECTROMETRY 10.2105/SMWW.2882.049 3130 METALS BY ANODIC STRIPPING VOLTAMMETRY 10.2105/SMWW.2882.050 3500-Al ALUMINUM 10.2105/SMWW.2882.051 3500-AS ARSENIC 10.2105/SMWW.2882.222 3500-Sb ANTIMONY 10.2105/SMWW.2882.223 3500-Ba BARIUM 10.2105/SMWW.2882.224 3500-Be BERYLLIUM 10.2105/SMWW.2882.225 3500-Bi BISMUTH 10.2105/SMWW.2882.226 3500-B BORON 10.2105/SMWW.2882.227 3500-Cd CADMIUM 10.2105/SMWW.2882.052 3500-Ca CALCIUM 10.2105/SMWW.2882.228 3500-Cs CESIUM 10.2105/SMWW.2882.053 3500-Cr CHROMIUM 10.2105/SMWW.2882.229 3500-Co COBALT 10.2105/SMWW.2882.054 3500-Cu COPPER 10.2105/SMWW.2882.230 3500-Ga GALLIUM 10.2105/SMWW.2882.231 3500-Ge GERMANIUM 10.2105/SMWW.2882.232 3500-Au GOLD 10.2105/SMWW.2882.233 3500-In INDIUM 10.2105/SMWW.2882.234 3500-Ir IRIDIUM 10.2105/SMWW.2882.055 3500-Fe IRON 10.2105/SMWW.2882.056 3500-Pb LEAD 10.2105/SMWW.2882.057 3500-Li LITHIUM 10.2105/SMWW.2882.058 3500-Mg MAGNESIUM 10.2105/SMWW.2882.059 3500-Mn MANGANESE 10.2105/SMWW.2882.235 3500-Hg MERCURY 10.2105/SMWW.2882.251 3500-Mo MOLYBDENUM 10.2105/SMWW.2882.252 9750 DETECTION OF NAEGLERIA FOWLERI IN WATER (PROPOSED) 10.2105/SMWW.2882.236 3500-Ni NICKEL 10.2105/SMWW.2882.237 3500-Os OSMIUM 10.2105/SMWW.2882.238 3500-Pd PALLADIUM 10.2105/SMWW.2882.239 3500-Pt PLATINUM 10.2105/SMWW.2882.060 3500-K POTASSIUM 10.2105/SMWW.2882.240 3500-Re RHENIUM 10.2105/SMWW.2882.241 3500-Rh RHODIUM 10.2105/SMWW.2882.242 3500-Ru RUTHENIUM 10.2105/SMWW.2882.061 3500-Se SELENIUM 10.2105/SMWW.2882.243 3500-Ag SILVER 10.2105/SMWW.2882.062 3500-Na SODIUM 10.2105/SMWW.2882.063 3500-Sr STRONTIUM 10.2105/SMWW.2882.244 3500-Te TELLURIUM 10.2105/SMWW.2882.245 3500-Tl THALLIUM 10.2105/SMWW.2882.246 3500-Th THORIUM 10.2105/SMWW.2882.247 3500-Sn TIN 10.2105/SMWW.2882.248 3500-Ti TITANIUM 10.2105/SMWW.2882.249 3500-U URANIUM 10.2105/SMWW.2882.064 3500-V VANADIUM 10.2105/SMWW.2882.065 3500-Zn ZINC 10.2105/SMWW.2882.067 PART 4000 INORGANIC NONMETALLIC CONSTITUENTS OF WATER AND WASTEWATER 10.2105/SMWW.2882.068 4010 INTRODUCTION 10.2105/SMWW.2882.069 4020 QUALITY ASSURANCE/QUALITY CONTROL 10.2105/SMWW.2882.070 4110 DETERMINATION OF ANIONS BY ION CHROMATOGRAPHY 10.2105/SMWW.2882.071 4120 SEGMENTED CONTINUOUS FLOW ANALYSIS 10.2105/SMWW.2882.072 4130 INORGANIC NONMETALS BY FLOW INJECTION ANALYSIS 10.2105/SMWW.2882.073 4140 INORGANIC ANIONS BY CAPILLARY ION ELECTROPHORESIS 10.2105/SMWW.2882.074 4500-B BORON 10.2105/SMWW.2882.075 4500-Br− BROMIDE 10.2105/SMWW.2882.076 4500-CO2 CARBON DIOXIDE 10.2105/SMWW.2882.077 4500-CN− CYANIDE 10.2105/SMWW.2882.078 4500-Cl CHLORINE (RESIDUAL) 10.2105/SMWW.2882.079 4500-Cl− CHLORIDE 10.2105/SMWW.2882.080 4500-ClO2 CHLORINE DIOXIDE 10.2105/SMWW.2882.081 4500-F− FLUORIDE 10.2105/SMWW.2882.082 4500-H+ pH 10.2105/SMWW.2882.221 4500-H2O2 HYDROGEN PEROXIDE (RESIDUAL) (PROPOSED) 10.2105/SMWW.2882.083 4500-I IODINE 10.2105/SMWW.2882.084 4500-I− IODIDE 10.2105/SMWW.2882.085 4500-IO3− IODATE 10.2105/SMWW.2882.086 4500-N NITROGEN 10.2105/SMWW.2882.087 4500-NH3 NITROGEN (AMMONIA) 10.2105/SMWW.2882.088 4500-NO2− NITROGEN (NITRITE) 10.2105/SMWW.2882.089 4500-NO3− NITROGEN (NITRATE) 10.2105/SMWW.2882.090 4500-Norg NITROGEN (ORGANIC) 10.2105/SMWW.2882.091 4500-O OXYGEN (DISSOLVED) 10.2105/SMWW.2882.092 4500-O3 OZONE (RESIDUAL) 10.2105/SMWW.2882.220 4500-PAA PERACETIC ACID (RESIDUAL) (PROPOSED) 10.2105/SMWW.2882.093 4500-P PHOSPHORUS 10.2105/SMWW.2882.094 4500-KMnO4 POTASSIUM PERMANGANATE 10.2105/SMWW.2882.095 4500-SiO2 SILICA 10.2105/SMWW.2882.096 4500-S2− SULFIDE 10.2105/SMWW.2882.097 4500-SO32− SULFITE 10.2105/SMWW.2882.098 4500-SO42− SULFATE 10.2105/SMWW.2882.099 PART 5000 AGGREGATE ORGANIC CONSTITUENTS IN WATER AND WASTEWATER 10.2105/SMWW.2882.100 5010 INTRODUCTION 10.2105/SMWW.2882.101 5020 QUALITY ASSURANCE/QUALITY CONTROL 10.2105/SMWW.2882.102 5210 BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND (BOD) 10.2105/SMWW.2882.103 5220 CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND (COD) 10.2105/SMWW.2882.104 5310 TOTAL ORGANIC CARBON 10.2105/SMWW.2882.105 5320 DISSOLVED ORGANIC HALOGEN 10.2105/SMWW.2882.106 5510 AQUATIC HUMIC SUBSTANCES 10.2105/SMWW.2882.107 5520 OIL AND GREASE 10.2105/SMWW.2882.108 5530 PHENOLS 10.2105/SMWW.2882.109 5540 SURFACTANTS 10.2105/SMWW.2882.110 5550 TANNIN AND LIGNIN 10.2105/SMWW.2882.111 5560 ORGANIC AND VOLATILE ACIDS 10.2105/SMWW.2882.112 5710 FORMATION OF TRIHALOMETHANES AND OTHER DISINFECTION BYPRODUCTS 10.2105/SMWW.2882.113 5910 UV-ABSORBING ORGANIC CONSTITUENTS 10.2105/SMWW.2882.114 PART 6000 INDIVIDUAL ORGANIC COMPOUNDS IN WATER AND WASTEWATER 10.2105/SMWW.2882.115 6010 INTRODUCTION 10.2105/SMWW.2882.116 6020 QUALITY ASSURANCE/QUALITY CONTROL 10.2105/SMWW.2882.117 6040 TASTE AND ODOR COMPOUNDS 10.2105/SMWW.2882.118 6200 VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS 10.2105/SMWW.2882.119 6211 METHANE 10.2105/SMWW.2882.120 6231 1,2-DIBROMOETHANE (EDB) AND 1,2-DIBROMO-3-CHLOROPROPANE (DBCP) 10.2105/SMWW.2882.121 6232 TRIHALOMETHANES AND CHLORINATED ORGANIC SOLVENTS 10.2105/SMWW.2882.122 6251 DISINFECTION BYPRODUCTS: HALOACETIC ACIDS AND TRICHLOROPHENOL 10.2105/SMWW.2882.123 6252 DISINFECTION BYPRODUCTS: ALDEHYDES (PROPOSED) 10.2105/SMWW.2882.124 6410 EXTRACTABLE BASE/NEUTRALS AND ACIDS 10.2105/SMWW.2882.125 6420 PHENOLS 10.2105/SMWW.2882.126 6431 POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS (PCBs) 10.2105/SMWW.2882.127 6440 POLYNUCLEAR AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS 10.2105/SMWW.2882.128 6450 NITROSAMINES 10.2105/SMWW.2882.129 6610 CARBAMATE PESTICIDES 10.2105/SMWW.2882.130 6630 ORGANOCHLORINE PESTICIDES 10.2105/SMWW.2882.131 6640 ACIDIC HERBICIDE COMPOUNDS 10.2105/SMWW.2882.132 6651 GLYPHOSATE HERBICIDE 10.2105/SMWW.2882.133 6710 TRIBUTYLTIN 10.2105/SMWW.2882.134 6810 PHARMACEUTICALS AND PERSONAL CARE PRODUCTS 10.2105/SMWW.2882.135 PART 7000 RADIOACTIVITY IN WATER AND WASTEWATER 10.2105/SMWW.2882.136 7010 INTRODUCTION 10.2105/SMWW.2882.137 7020 QUALITY SYSTEM 10.2105/SMWW.2882.138 7030 COUNTING INSTRUMENTS 10.2105/SMWW.2882.139 7040 FACILITIES 10.2105/SMWW.2882.140 7110 GROSS ALPHA AND GROSS BETA RADIOACTIVITY (TOTAL, SUSPENDED, AND DISSOLVED) 10.2105/SMWW.2882.141 7120 GAMMA-EMITTING RADIONUCLIDES 10.2105/SMWW.2882.142 7500-Cs RADIOACTIVE CESIUM 10.2105/SMWW.2882.143 7500-I RADIOACTIVE IODINE 10.2105/SMWW.2882.144 7500-Ra RADIUM 10.2105/SMWW.2882.145 7500-Rn RADON 10.2105/SMWW.2882.146 7500-Sr TOTAL RADIOACTIVE STRONTIUM AND STRONTIUM-90 10.2105/SMWW.2882.147 7500-3H TRITIUM 10.2105/SMWW.2882.148 7500-U URANIUM 10.2105/SMWW.2882.149 PART 8000 TOXICOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF WATER AND WASTEWATER 10.2105/SMWW.2882.150 8010 INTRODUCTION 10.2105/SMWW.2882.151 8020 QUALITY ASSURANCE AND QUALITY CONTROL IN LABORATORY TOXICITY TESTS 10.2105/SMWW.2882.152 8030 MUTAGENESIS 10.2105/SMWW.2882.153 8050 BACTERIAL BIOLUMINESCENCE 10.2105/SMWW.2882.154 8070 P450 REPORTER GENE RESPONSE TO DIOXIN-LIKE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS 10.2105/SMWW.2882.155 8071 COMET ASSAY—SINGLE-CELL GEL ELECTROPHORESIS FOR DETECTING DNA DAMAGE 10.2105/SMWW.2882.156 8080 SEDIMENT POREWATER TESTING 10.2105/SMWW.2882.157 8110 ALGAE 10.2105/SMWW.2882.158 8111 BIOSTIMULATION (ALGAL PRODUCTIVITY) 10.2105/SMWW.2882.159 8112 PHYTOPLANKTON 10.2105/SMWW.2882.160 8113 MARINE MACROALGAE 10.2105/SMWW.2882.161 8200 AQUATIC FLOWERING PLANTS 10.2105/SMWW.2882.162 8211 DUCKWEED 10.2105/SMWW.2882.163 8220 AQUATIC EMERGENT PLANTS 10.2105/SMWW.2882.164 8310 CILIATED PROTOZOA 10.2105/SMWW.2882.165 8420 ROTIFERS 10.2105/SMWW.2882.166 8510 ANNELIDS 10.2105/SMWW.2882.167 8610 MOLLUSKS 10.2105/SMWW.2882.168 8710 ARTHROPODS 10.2105/SMWW.2882.169 8711 DAPHNIA 10.2105/SMWW.2882.170 8712 CERIODAPHNIA 10.2105/SMWW.2882.171 8714 MYSIDS 10.2105/SMWW.2882.172 8740 DECAPODS 10.2105/SMWW.2882.173 8750 AQUATIC INSECTS 10.2105/SMWW.2882.174 8810 ECHINODERM FERTILIZATION AND DEVELOPMENT 10.2105/SMWW.2882.175 8910 FISH 10.2105/SMWW.2882.176 8921 FATHEAD MINNOW 10.2105/SMWW.2882.177 8930 AMPHIBIANS (PROPOSED) 10.2105/SMWW.2882.178 PART 9000 MICROBIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF WATER AND WASTEWATER 10.2105/SMWW.2882.179 9010 INTRODUCTION 10.2105/SMWW.2882.180 9020 QUALITY ASSURANCE/QUALITY CONTROL 10.2105/SMWW.2882.181 9030 LABORATORY APPARATUS 10.2105/SMWW.2882.182 9040 WASHING LABWARE 10.2105/SMWW.2882.183 9050 CULTURE MEDIA AND BUFFERED DILUTION WATER 10.2105/SMWW.2882.184 9060 SAMPLES 10.2105/SMWW.2882.185 9211 RAPID DETECTION METHODS 10.2105/SMWW.2882.186 9212 STRESSED, INJURED, OR VIABLE BUT NONCULTURABLE BACTERIA 10.2105/SMWW.2882.187 9213 RECREATIONAL WATERS 10.2105/SMWW.2882.188 9215 HETEROTROPHIC PLATE COUNT 10.2105/SMWW.2882.189 9216 DIRECT TOTAL MICROBIAL COUNT 10.2105/SMWW.2882.190 9217 BIODEGRADABLE ORGANIC MATTER 10.2105/SMWW.2882.191 9218 AEROBIC ENDOSPORES 10.2105/SMWW.2882.192 9221 MULTIPLE-TUBE FERMENTATION TECHNIQUE FOR MEMBERS OF THE COLIFORM GROUP 10.2105/SMWW.2882.193 9222 MEMBRANE FILTER TECHNIQUE FOR MEMBERS OF THE COLIFORM GROUP 10.2105/SMWW.2882.194 9223 ENZYME SUBSTRATE COLIFORM TEST 10.2105/SMWW.2882.195 9224 DETECTION OF COLIPHAGES 10.2105/SMWW.2882.196 9225 DIFFERENTIATION OF COLIFORM BACTERIA 10.2105/SMWW.2882.197 9230 FECAL ENTEROCOCCI 10.2105/SMWW.2882.198 9240 IRON AND SULFUR BACTERIA 10.2105/SMWW.2882.199 9245 NITRIFYING BACTERIA 10.2105/SMWW.2882.200 9250 DETECTION OF ACTINOMYCETES 10.2105/SMWW.2882.201 9260 INTRODUCTION TO DETECTING PATHOGENIC BACTERIA 10.2105/SMWW.2882.253 10150 CHLOROPHYLL A 10.2105/SMWW.2882.255 9262 AEROMONAS 10.2105/SMWW.2882.256 9264 CAMPYLOBACTER 10.2105/SMWW.2882.257 9266 DIARRHEAGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI 10.2105/SMWW.2882.258 9268 LEGIONELLA 10.2105/SMWW.2882.259 9270 LEPTOSPIRA 10.2105/SMWW.2882.260 9272 MYCOBACTERIUM 10.2105/SMWW.2882.261 9274 SALMONELLA 10.2105/SMWW.2882.262 9276 SHIGELLA 10.2105/SMWW.2882.263 9278 VIBRIO 10.2105/SMWW.2882.264 9280 YERSINIA ENTEROCOLITICA 10.2105/SMWW.2882.202 9510 DETECTION OF ENTERIC VIRUSES 10.2105/SMWW.2882.203 9610 DETECTION OF FUNGI 10.2105/SMWW.2882.204 9711 PATHOGENIC PROTOZOA 10.2105/SMWW.2882.205 PART 10000 ASSESSMENT OF AQUATIC BIOLOGY 10.2105/SMWW.2882.206 10010 INTRODUCTION 10.2105/SMWW.2882.207 10200 PLANKTON 10.2105/SMWW.2882.208 10300 PERIPHYTON 10.2105/SMWW.2882.209 10400 MACROPHYTES 10.2105/SMWW.2882.210 10500 BENTHIC MACROINVERTEBRATES 10.2105/SMWW.2882.211 10600 FISH 10.2105/SMWW.2882.212 10700 BENTHIC MEIOFAUNA 10.2105/SMWW.2882.213 10750 NEMATOLOGICAL EXAMINATION 10.2105/SMWW.2882.215 10900 IDENTIFICATION OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 10.2105/SMWW.2882.216 PREPARATION OF COMMON TYPES OF DESK REAGENTS SPECIFIED IN STANDARD METHODS 10.2105/SMWW.2882.217 STANDARD ATOMIC WEIGHTS 2021 [SCALED TO AR(12C) = 12] 10.2105/SMWW.2882.218 ABBREVIATIONS 10.2105/SMWW.2882.219 GENERAL INFORMATION 10.2105/SMWW.2882.265 10110 ALGAL TOXIN ANALYSIS—MICROCYSTINS AND NODULARINS (PROPOSED)

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Standard Methods Committee of the American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association, and Water Environment Federation. In: Standard Methods For the Examination of Water and Wastewater. Lipps WC, Baxter TE, Braun-Howland E, editors. Washington DC: APHA Press.

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