This version is an update to the 24th edition of Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater and was posted online April 18, 2025.

4500-F− FLUORIDE

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4500-F− B. Preliminary Distillation Step Bibliography
Bellack E. Simplified fluoride distillation method. J Amer Water Works Assoc. 1958;50(4):530–536. Google Scholar
Bellack E. Automatic fluoride distillation. J Amer Water Works Assoc. 1961;53(1):98–100. Google Scholar
4500-F− C. Ion-Selective Electrode Method Bibliography
Frant MS, Ross JW Jr. Use of a total ionic strength adjustment buffer for electrode determination of fluoride in water supplies. Anal Chem. 1968;40(7):1169–1171. Google Scholar
Harwood JE. The use of an ion-selective electrode for routine analysis of water samples. Water Res. 1969;3(4):273–280. Google Scholar
4500-F− D. Spadns Method Bibliography
Bellack E, Schouboe PJ. Rapid photometric determination of fluoride. Use of sodium 2-(p-sulfophenylazo)-1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene-3,6- disulfonate-zirconium lake. Anal Chem. 1968;30(12):2032–2034. Google Scholar
4500-F− E. Complexone Method Bibliography
Weinstein LH, Mandl RH, McCune DC, Jacobson JS, Hitchcock AE. A semi-automated method for the determination of fluorine in air and plant tissues. Boyce Thompson Inst. 1963;22:207–220. Google Scholar

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Standard Methods Committee of the American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association, and Water Environment Federation. 4500-f− fluoride In: Standard Methods For the Examination of Water and Wastewater. Lipps WC, Baxter TE, Braun-Howland E, editors. Washington DC: APHA Press.

DOI: 10.2105/SMWW.2882.081

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