The content presented here represents the most current version of this section, which was printed in the 24th edition of Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater.

7110 GROSS ALPHA AND GROSS BETA RADIOACTIVITY (TOTAL, SUSPENDED, AND DISSOLVED)

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7110 A. Introduction Bibliography
1. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency. National primary drinking water regulations; radionuclides; final rule. 2000. 40 CFR Parts 9, 141 & 142. Fed. Reg. 65 (236):76708. Google Scholar
2. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency. National primary drinking water regulations: analytical method for uranium. 2004. Fed. Reg. 69 (164):52176. Google Scholar
3. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. National Primary Drinking Water Regulations; Radionuclides; Final Rule. 2000; CFR 9, 141, 142 [accessed 2021 April 12] https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2000/12/07/00-30421/national-primary-drinking-water-regulations-radionuclides-final-rule Google Scholar
4. Maximum permissible body burdens and maximum permissible concentrations of radionuclides in air and water for occupational exposure. Bethesda MD: National Committee on Radiation Protection, U. S. Department of Commerce; 1959, pp. 1, 17, 37, 38, 93 (NBS Handbook No. 69) Google Scholar
5. Multi-agency radiological laboratory analytical protocols manual (MARLAP); Section 12.2.2. NUREG-1576, EPA 402-B-04-001A, NTIS PB2004-105421. Washington DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, U.S. Department of Defense, U.S. Department of Energy, U.S. Department of Homeland Security, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, U.S. Geological Survey, National Institute of Standards and Technology; 2004. Google Scholar
6. Eisenbud M, Gesell T. Environmental radioactivity from natural, industrial and military sources, 4th ed. Academic Press; 1997. Google Scholar
7110 B. Evaporation Method for Gross Alpha-Beta References
1. Krieger H, Whittaker E. Prescribed procedures of measurement of radioactivity in drinking water; EPA-600/4-80-032. Cincinnati (OH): Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; 1980. Google Scholar
2. Multi-agency radiological laboratory analytical protocols manual (MARLAP); Section 12.2.2. NUREG-1576, EPA 402-B-04-001A, NTIS PB2004-105421. Washington DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, U.S. Department of Defense, U.S. Department of Energy, U.S. Department of Homeland Security, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, U.S. Geological Survey, National Institute of Standards and Technology; 2004. Google Scholar
7110 B. Evaporation Method for Gross Alpha-Beta Bibliography
Burtt BP. 1949. Absolute beta counting. Nucleonics. 5(2):28–43. Google Scholar
Goldin AS, Nader JS, Setter LR. The detectability of low-level radioactivity in water. J Amer Water Works Assoc. 1953;45(1):73–80. Google Scholar
Setter LR, Goldin AS, Nader JS. Radioactivity assay of water and industrial wastes with internal proportional counter. Anal Chem. 1954;26(8):1304–1306. Google Scholar
Setter LR. Reliability of measurements of gross beta radioactivity in water. J Amer Water Works Assoc. 1964;56(2):228–236. Google Scholar
Thatcher LL, Janzer VJ, Edwards KW. Methods for determination of radioactive substances in water and fluvial sediments. Chap. A5 In: Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations of the United States Geological Survey. Washington DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1977. Google Scholar
Johns FB, Hahn PB, Thome DJ, Bretthauer EW, eds. Radiochemical analytical procedures for analysis of environmental samples; EMLS-LV-0539-17. Las Vegas (NV): Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; 1979. Google Scholar
7110 C. Coprecipitation Method for Gross Alpha Radioactivity in Water References
1. Lieberman R. Radiochemical determination of gross alpha activity in drinking water by coprecipitation. In: Eastern Environmental Radiation Facility Radiochemisty Procedures Manual. EPA-520/5-84-006, Montgomery (AL): U.S.Environmental Protection Agency; 1984. Google Scholar
2. Whittaker EL. Test procedure for gross alpha particle activity in drinking water: interlaboratory collaborative study. EPA-600/4-86/027. Washington DC: U. S. Environmental Protection Agency; 1986 (last revised 2005). Google Scholar
7110 D. Liquid Scintillation Spectroscopic Method for Gross Alpha-Beta Bibliography
Krieger H, Whittaker E. Prescribed procedures of measurement of radioactivity in drinking water; EPA-600/4-80-032. Cincinnati (OH): Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; 1980. Google Scholar
U.S. Department of Energy. Methods for evaluating environmental and waste management samples; RP710; 1997. Google Scholar
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, U.S. Department of Defense, U.S. Department of Energy, U.S. Department of Homeland Security, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, U.S. Geological Survey & National Institute of Standards and Technology. 2004. Multi-Agency Radiological Laboratory Analytical Protocols Manual (MARLAP); NUREG-1576, EPA 402-B-04-001A, NTIS PB2004-105421. Google Scholar
Wong CT, Soliman VM, Perera SK. Gross alpha/beta analyses in water by liquid scintillation counting. J Radioan Nucl Chem. 2005;264(2):357–363. Google Scholar
Ruberu SR, Liu YG, Perera SK. An improved liquid scintillation counting method for the determination of gross alpha activity in groundwater wells. Health Physics. 2008;95(4):397–406. Google Scholar
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Protocol for the evaluation of alternate test procedures for analyzing radioactive contaminants in drinking water; EPA 815-R-15-008. Washington DC: Office of Water, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; 2015. Google Scholar
7110 E. Evaporation Method for Simultaneous Gross Alpha-Beta References
1. Krieger H, Whittaker E. Prescribed procedures of measurement of radioactivity in drinking water; EPA-600/4-80-032. Cincinnati (OH): Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; 1980. Google Scholar
2. Section 12.2.2 In: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, U.S. Department of Defense, U.S. Department of Energy, U.S. Department of Homeland Security, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, U.S. Geological Survey & National Institute of Standards and Technology. 2004. Multi-Agency Radiological Laboratory Analytical Protocols Manual (MARLAP); NUREG-1576, EPA 402-B-04-001A, NTIS PB2004-105421. Google Scholar
7110 E. Evaporation Method for Simultaneous Gross Alpha-Beta Bibliography
Thatcher LL, Janzer VJ, Edwards KW. Methods for determination of radioactive substances in water and fluvial sediments. Chap. A5 In: Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations of the United States Geological Survey. Washington DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1977. Google Scholar
Johns FB, Hahn PB, Thome DJ, Bretthauer EW, eds. Radiochemical analytical procedures for analysis of environmental samples; EMLS-LV-0539-17. Las Vegas (NV): Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; 1979. Google Scholar
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, U.S. Department of Defense, U.S. Department of Energy, U.S. Department of Homeland Security, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, U.S. Geological Survey, National Institute of Standards and Technology. 2004. Multi-Agency Radiological Laboratory Analytical Protocols Manual (MARLAP); NUREG-1576, EPA 402-B-04-001A, NTIS PB2004-105421. Google Scholar

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Standard Methods Committee of the American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association, and Water Environment Federation. 7110 gross alpha and gross beta radioactivity (total, suspended, and dissolved) In: Standard Methods For the Examination of Water and Wastewater. Lipps WC, Baxter TE, Braun-Howland E, editors. Washington DC: APHA Press.

DOI: 10.2105/SMWW.2882.140

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