The content presented here represents the most current version of this section, which was printed in the 24th edition of Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater.

8113 MARINE MACROALGAE

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8113 A. Introduction References
1. North WJ, ed. The biology of giant kelp beds (Macrocystis) in California. Lehre (Germany): Verlag; 1971. (Nova Hedwigia, Bieh 32). Google Scholar
2. James DE, Manley SL, Carter MC, North WJ. Effects of PCBs and hydrazine in life processes in microscopic stages of selected brown seaweeds. In: Ragan MA, Bird CJ, eds. Proceedings of the Twelfth International Seaweed Symposium, Sao Paulo (Brazil) 1986 July 27 – Aug 1. Boston (MA): Dr W Junk Publishers; 1987, p. 411–415. (Developments in Hydrobiology, Vol 41). Google Scholar
3. Anderson BS, Hunt JW. Bioassay methods for evaluating the toxicity of heavy metals, biocides, and sewage effluent using microscopic stages of giant kelp Macrocystis pyrifera (Agardh): A preliminary report. Mar Environ Res. 1988;26(2):113–134. Google Scholar
4. Singer MM, Smalheer DL, Tjeerdema RS, Martin M. Toxicity of an oil dispersant to the early life stages of four California marine species. Environ Toxicol Chem. 1990;9(11):1389–1395. Google Scholar
5. State Water Resources Control Board. California Ocean Plan. Water Quality Control Plan. Sacramento (CA): Ocean Waters of California; 1990. Google Scholar
8113 A. Introduction Bibliography
Graham MH. Effects of local deforestation on the diversity and structure of southern California giant kelp forest food webs. Ecosystems. 2004;7(4):341–357. Google Scholar
Raimimondi PT, Reed DC, Gaylord B, Washburn L. Effects of self-fertilization in the giant kelp Macrocystis Pyrifera. Ecology. 2004;85(12):3267–3276. Google Scholar
8113 B. Selecting and Preparing Macrocystis pyrifera Sporophylls References
1. Dring MJ. The biology of marine plants. London (UK): Edward Arnold Limited; 1982. Google Scholar
2. Schiff K, Bay S, Diehl D. Stormwater toxicity in Chollas Creek and San Diego Bay, California. In: Melzian BD, Engle V, McAlister M, Sandhu S, eds. Coastal monitoring through partnerships. Proceedings of the Fifth Symposium on the Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program; 2001 April 24-27; Pensacola Beach, FL. Dordrecht (Netherlands): Springer; 2001; p. 119–132. Google Scholar
3. Gully JR, Bottomley J, Baird RB. Effects of sporophyll storage on giant kelp, Macrocystis pyrifera (Agardh), bioassay. Environ Toxicol Chem. 1999;18(7):1474–1481. Google Scholar
4. North WJ,. ed. The biology of giant kelp beds (Macrocystis) in California. Lehre (Germany): Verlag; 1971. (Nova Hedwigia, Bieh 32). Google Scholar
5. Ellertsdottir E, Peters AF. High prevalence of infection by endophytic brown algae in populations of Laminaria spp. (Phaeophyceae). MEPS. 1997;146:135–143. Google Scholar
6. Easton LM, Lewis GD, Pearson MN. Virus-like particles associated with dieback symptoms in the brown algae Ecklonia radiata. Disease Aquat Organism. 1997;30:217–222. Google Scholar
8113 B. Selecting and Preparing Macrocystis pyrifera Sporophylls Bibliography
Bold HC, Wynne MJ. Introduction to the Algae, 2nd ed. Englewood Cliffs (NJ): Prentice-Hall, Inc.; 1985. Google Scholar
Anderson BS, Hunt JW, Turpen SL. Coulon AR, Martin M. Copper toxicity to microscopic stages of Macrocystis pyrifera: Interpopulation comparisons and temporal variability. Marine Ecol Prog Ser. 1990;68(1-2):147–156. Google Scholar
8113 C. Toxicity Test Procedures Reference
1. Chapman GA, Denton DL, Lazorchak JM, eds. Short-term methods for estimating the chronic toxicity of effluents and receiving waters to west coast marine and estuarine organisms; EPA/600/R-95/136. Washington DC: Office of Research & Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; 1995. Google Scholar
8113 C. Toxicity Test Procedures Bibliography
Deysher LE, Dean TA. Critical irradiance levels and the interactive effects of quantum irradiance and dose on gametogenesis in the giant kelp, Macrocystis pyrifera. J Phycol. 1984;20(4):520–524. Google Scholar
Anderson BS, Hunt JW, Turpen SL, Coulon AR, Martin M, Denton DL, Palmer FH. Procedures manual for conducting toxicity tests developed by the Marine Bioassay Project; Rep. No. 90-10WQ, October. Sacramento (CA): State Water Resources Control Board; 1990. Google Scholar
Thursby GB, Anderson BS, Walsh GE, Steele RL. A review of the current status of marine algal toxicity testing in the United States. In: Landis WG, Hughes JS, Lewis MA, eds. Environmental Toxicology and Risk Assessment; ASTM STP 1179. West Conshohocken (PA): ASTM International; 1993. Google Scholar
Garman GD, Pillai MC, Cherr GN. Inhibition of cellular events during early algal gametophyte development: Effects of selected metals and an aqueous petroleum waste. Aquat Toxicol. 1994;28(1-2):127–144. Google Scholar
Anderson BS, Hunt JW, Piekarski W. Recent advances in toxicity test methods using kelp gametophytes. In: Wells PG, Lee K, Blaise C, eds. Microscale testing in aquatic toxicology. Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press; 1998. Google Scholar
Cie DK, Edwards MS. The effects of high irradiance on the settlement competency and variability of kelp zoospores. J Phycol. 2008;44(2): 495–500. Google Scholar
8113 D. Data Evaluation Reference
1. Chapman GA, Denton DL, Lazorchak JM, eds. Short-term methods for estimating the chronic toxicity of effluents and receiving waters to west coast marine and estuarine organisms; EPA/600/R-95/136. Washington DC: Office of Research & Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; 1995. Google Scholar

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Standard Methods Committee of the American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association, and Water Environment Federation. 8113 marine macroalgae In: Standard Methods For the Examination of Water and Wastewater. Lipps WC, Baxter TE, Braun-Howland E, editors. Washington DC: APHA Press.

DOI: 10.2105/SMWW.2882.160

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