The content presented here represents the most current version of this section, which was printed in the 24th edition of Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater.

8810 ECHINODERM FERTILIZATION AND DEVELOPMENT

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8810 A. Introduction References
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8810 A. Introduction Bibliography
Pagano G, Corsale G, Esposito GA, Dinnel PA, Romana LA. Use of sea urchin sperm and embryo bioassay for testing the sublethal toxicity of realistic pollutant levels. In: Grandjean E, ed. Carcinogenic, mutagenic, and teratogenic marine pollutants: impact on human health and the environment. Houston (TX): 1989:153–163. Google Scholar
8810 B. Selecting and Preparing Test Organisms References
1. Dinnel PA. Adaptation of the sperm/fertilization bioassay protocol to Hawaiian sea urchin species. Final Report to State of Hawaii Department of Health, Honolulu; 1988. Google Scholar
2. Environment Canada. Biological test method: fertilization assay using echinoids (sea urchins and sand dollars); Rep. EPS. 1/RM/27. Ottawa (ONT): Environment Canada; 1992. Google Scholar
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5. Urchin cookie recipe. Sea Urchins in Education. Stanford University [accessed 29 March 2021]. https://seaurchineducation.stanford.edu/cookie Google Scholar
6. Klumpp DW, Salita-Espinosa JT, Fortes MD. Feeding ecology and trophic role of sea urchins in a tropical seagrass community. Aquat Bot. 1993;45(2-3):205–229. Google Scholar
8810 C. Echinoderm Fertilization Test References
1. Weber CI, Horning WB II, Klemm DJ, Neiheisel TW, Lewis PA, Robinson EL, Menkedick J, Kessler F, eds. Short-term methods for estimating the chronic toxicity of effluents and receiving waters to marine and estuarine organisms; EPA-600/4-87-028. Cincinnati (OH): Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; 1988. Google Scholar
2. Neiheisel TW, Young ME. Use of three artificial sea salts to maintain fertile sea urchins (Arbacia punctulata) and to conduct fertilization tests with copper and sodium dodecyl sulfate. Environ Toxicol Chem. 1992;11(8):1179–1185. Google Scholar
3. Chapman GA, Denton DL, Lazorchak JM. Short-term methods for estimating the chronic toxicity of effluents and receiving waters to west coast marine and estuarine organisms; EPA-600/R-95-136. Cincinnati (OH): National Exposure Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; 1995. Google Scholar
4. Hall TJ, Haley RK, Battan KJ. Turbidity as a method of preparing sperm dilutions in the echinoid sperm/egg bioassay. Environ Toxicol Chem. 1993;12(11):2133–2137. Google Scholar
5. Dinnel PA, Link JM, Stober QJ. Improved methodology for a sea urchin sperm cell bioassay for marine waters. Archiv Environ Contam Toxicol. 1987;16(1):23–32. Google Scholar
6. Wagner A, Nacci D. Tropical collector urchin, Tripneustes gratilla, fertilization test method; EPA/600/R-12/022. Narragansett (RI): National Health and Environmental Effects Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; 2012. Google Scholar
7. Carr RS, Biedenbach JM, Nipper M. Influence of potentially confounding factors on sea urchin porewater toxicity tests. Archiv Environ Contam Toxicol. 2006;51(4):573–579. Google Scholar
8. Bay SM, Anderson BS, Carr RS. Relative performance of porewater and solid-phase toxicity tests: Characteristics, causes, and consequences. In: Carr RS, Nipper M, eds. Porewater toxicity testing: biological, chemical, and ecological considerations. Pensacola (FL): Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC); 2003, p. 11. Google Scholar
8810 C. Echinoderm Fertilization Test Bibliography
Environment Canada. Biological test method: fertilization assay using echinoids (sea urchins and sand dollars); Rep. EPS. 1/RM/27. Ottawa (ONT): Environment Canada; 1992. Google Scholar
Phillips BM, Nicely PA, Hunt JW, Anderson BS, Tjeerdema RS, Palmer FH. Tolerance of five west coast marine toxicity test organisms to ammonia. Bull Environ Toxicol Contam. 2005;75(1):23–27. Google Scholar
8810 D. Echinoderm Embryo Development Test Bibliography
ASTM E-1563-98(2004). Standard guide for conducting static acute toxicity tests with echinoid embryos. In: Annual Book of ASTM. Standards, Vol. 11.06. West Conshohocken (PA): ASTM International; 2006. Google Scholar

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Standard Methods Committee of the American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association, and Water Environment Federation. 8810 echinoderm fertilization and development In: Standard Methods For the Examination of Water and Wastewater. Lipps WC, Baxter TE, Braun-Howland E, editors. Washington DC: APHA Press.

DOI: 10.2105/SMWW.2882.174

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