This version is an update to the 24th edition of Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater and was posted online April 18, 2025.

9224 DETECTION OF COLIPHAGES

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9224 A. Introduction References
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14. Method 1602: Male-specific (F+) and Somatic Coliphage in Water by Single Agar Layer (SAL) Procedure; EPA 821-R-01-029. Washington DC: Office of Water, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; 2001. Google Scholar
15. Method 1601: Male-specific (F+) and Somatic Coliphage in Water by Two-step Enrichment Procedure; EPA 821-R-01-030. Washington DC: Office of Water, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; 2001. Google Scholar
9224 E. Single Agar Layer Procedure References
1. Grabow WOK. Practical direct plaque assay for coliphages in 100-mL samples of drinking water. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1986;52(3):430–433. Google Scholar
2. Method 1602: Male-specific (F+) and somatic coliphage in water by single agar layer (SAL) procedure; EPA 821-R-01-029. Washington DC: Office of Water, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; 2001. Google Scholar
3. Method 1642. Male-specific (F+) and somatic coliphage in recreational waters and wastewater by ultrafiltration (UF) and single agar layer (SAL) procedure; EPA 820-R-18-001. Washington DC: Office of Water, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; 2018. Google Scholar
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5. Rhodes MW, Kator HI. Use of Salmonella typhimurium WG49 to enumerate male-specific coliphages in an estuary and watershed subject to nonpoint pollution. Water Res. 1991;25(11):1315–1323. Google Scholar
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9224 F. Two-Step Enrichment Procedure
1. Sobsey MD, Yates MV, Hsu FC, Lovelace G, Battigelli D, Margolin A, Pillai SD, Nwachuku N. Development and evaluation of methods to detect coliphages in large volumes of water. Water Sci Technol. 2004;50(1):211–217. Google Scholar
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7. Havelaar AH, Hogeboom WM. A method for the enumeration of male-specific bacteriophages in sewage. J Appl Bacteriol. 1984;56(3):439–447. Google Scholar
8. Rhodes MW, Kator HI. Use of Salmonella typhimurium WG49 to enumerate male-specific coliphages in an estuary and watershed subject to nonpoint pollution. Water Res. 1991;25(11):1315–1323. Google Scholar
9224 G. Commercial Methods—Fast Phage Procedure (PROPOSED) References
1. Fast Phage Test: Presence/Absence for coliphage in ground water with same day positive prediction; ATP Case No. D09-0007, Version 009. Lawrence (MA): Charm Sciences, Inc.; 2012. Google Scholar
2. Method 1601: Male-specific (F+) and somatic coliphage in water by two-step enrichment procedure; EPA 821-R-01-030. Washington DC: Office of Water, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; 2001. Google Scholar
3. Salter RS, Durbin GW, Conklin E, Rosen J, Clancy J. Proposed modifications of Environmental Protection Agency Method 1601 for detection of coliphages in drinking water, with same-day fluorescence-based detection and evaluation by the performance-based measurement system and alternative test protocol validation approaches. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2010; 76(23):7803–7810. Google Scholar
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7. Ijzerman MM, Hagedorn C. Improved method for coliphage detection based on β-galactosidase induction. J Virol Meth. 1992;40(1):31–36. Google Scholar
9224 H. Membrane Filter Procedure
1. Sobsey MD, Schwab KJ, Handzel TR. A simple membrane filter method to concentrate and enumerate male-specific RNA coliphages. J Amer Water Works Assoc. 1990;82(9):52–59. Google Scholar
2. Sobsey MD, Battigelli DA, Handzel TR, Schwab KJ. Male-specific coliphages as indicators of viral contamination of drinking water. Denver (CO): American Water Works Association Research Foundation; 1995. Google Scholar
3. Kott Y. Estimation of low numbers of Escherichia coli bacteriophage by use of the most probable number method. Appl Microbiol. 1966;14(2):141–144. Google Scholar

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Standard Methods Committee of the American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association, and Water Environment Federation. 9224 detection of coliphages In: Standard Methods For the Examination of Water and Wastewater. Lipps WC, Baxter TE, Braun-Howland E, editors. Washington DC: APHA Press.

DOI: 10.2105/SMWW.2882.195

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