This version is an update to the 24th edition of Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater and was posted online April 18, 2025.

9230 FECAL ENTEROCOCCI

CopyRight

9230 A. Introduction References
1. Thiercelin E, Joulaud L. Reproduction de l’enterocoque; taches centiales; granulations periopheriques et microblasts. Comptes Rend Seances Soc Biol Paris. 1903;55:686–688. Google Scholar
2. Andrews FW, Horder TJ. A study of the streptococci pathogenic for man. Lancet. 1906;168(4334):775–783. Google Scholar
3. Schleifer KH, Kilpper-Bälz R. Transfer of Streptococcus faecalis and Streptococcus faecium to the genus Enterococcus nom. rev. as Enterococcus faecalis comb. nov. and Enterococcus faecium comb. nov. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 1984;34(1):31–34. Google Scholar
4. National Center for Biotechnology Information. U.S. National Library of Medicine [accessed 2021 Apr 9]. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov Google Scholar
5. Byappanahalli MN, Nevers MB, Korajkic A, Staley ZR, Harwood VJ. Enterococci in the environment. Microbiol Molec Biol Rev. 2012;76(4):685–706. Google Scholar
6. Method 1106.1: Enterococci in water by membrane filtration using membrane-Enterococcus-Esculin Iron Agar (mE-EIA); EPA 821-R-06-008. Washington DC: Office of Water, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; 2006. Google Scholar
7. Method 1600: Enterococci in Water by Membrane Filtration Using membrane-Enterococcus Indoxyl-β-D-Glucoside Agar (mEI); EPA 821-R-09-016. Washington DC: Office of Water, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; 2009. Google Scholar
9230 B. Multiple-Tube Technique References
1. Difco manual of dehydrated culture. 9th ed. Detroit (MI): Difco Laboratories; 1953, p. 148. Google Scholar
2. Swan A. The use of a bile-aesculin medium and of Maxted’s technique of Lancefield grouping in the identification of enterococci (group D streptococci). J Clin Path. 1954;7(2):160–163. Google Scholar
3. Facklam RR, Moody MD. Presumptive identification of group D streptococci: the bile esculin test. Appl Microbiol. 1970;20(2):245–250. Google Scholar
4. Isenberg HD, Goldberg D, Sampson J. Laboratory studies with a selective enterococcus medium. Appl Microbiol. 1970;20(3):433–436. Google Scholar
5. Method 1106.1: Enterococci in water by membrane filtration using membrane-Enterococcus-esculin iron agar (mE-EIA); EPA 821-R-06-008. Washington DC: Office of Water, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; 2006. Google Scholar
6. Method 1600: Enterococci in water by membrane filtration using membrane-Enterococcus Indoxyl-β-D-Glucoside Agar (mEI); EPA 821-R-09-016. Washington DC: Office of Water, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; 2009. Google Scholar
7. Winter CE, Sandholzer LA. Studies of the fecal streptococci Part I: The isolation of enterococci from natural sources. Washington DC: United States Department of Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service; 1946. (Fishery Leaflet 201). https://spo.nmfs.noaa.gov/content/studies-fecal-streptococci Google Scholar
8. Moore DF, Zhowandai MH, Ferguson DM, McGee C, Mott JB, Stewart JC. Comparison of 16S rRNA sequencing with conventional and commercial phenotypic techniques for identification of enterococci from the marine environment. J Appl Microbiol. 2006;100(6):1272–1281. Google Scholar
9. Ferguson DM, Moore DF, Getrich MA, Zhowandai MH. Enumeration and speciation of enterococci found in marine and intertidal sediments and coastal water in southern California. J Appl Microbiol. 2005;99(3):589–608. Google Scholar
10. Facklam RR, Collins MD. Identification of Enterococcus species isolated from human infections by a conventional test scheme. J Clin Microbiol. 1989;27(4):731–734. Google Scholar
9230 C. Membrane Filter Techniques References
1. Levin MA, Fischer JR, Cabelli VJ. Membrane filter technique for enumeration of enterococci in marine waters. Appl Microbiol. 1975;30(1):66–71. Google Scholar
2. Method 1106.1: Enterococci in water by membrane filtration using membrane-Enterococcus-esculin iron agar (mE-EIA); EPA 821-R-06-008. Washington DC: Office of Water, US Environmental Protection Agency; 2006. Google Scholar
3. D5259-92(2006). Standard test method for isolation and enumeration of Enterococci from water by the membrane filter procedure. West Conshohocken (PA): ASTM International, 2006. Google Scholar
4. Messer JW, Dufour AP. A rapid, specific membrane filtration procedure for enumeration of Enterococci in recreational water. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1998;64(2):678–680. Google Scholar
5. Method 1600: Enterococci in water by membrane filtration using membrane-Enterococcus indoxyl-β-d-glucoside agar (mEI); EPA 821-R-06-009. Washington DC: Office of Water, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2006. Google Scholar
6. Vos P, Garrity G, Jones D, Krieg NR, Ludwig W, Rainey FA, Schleifer KH, Whitman W, eds. Bergey’s manual of systematic bacteriology. 2nd ed. Baltimore (MD): Springer; 2009. (Vol. 3, The Firmicutes) Google Scholar
7. Ferguson DM, Moore DF, Getrich MA, Zhowandai MH. Enumeration and speciation of enterococci found in marine and intertidal sediments and coastal water in southern California. J Appl Microbiol. 2005;99(3):589–608. Google Scholar
8. Moore DF, Zhowandai MH, Ferguson DM, McGee C, Mott JB, Stewart JC. Comparison of 16S rRNA sequencing with conventional and commercial phenotypic techniques for identification of enterococci from the marine environment. J Appl Microbiol. 2006;100(6):1272–1281. Google Scholar
9. Winter CE, Sandholzer LA. Studies of the fecal streptococci Part I: The isolation of enterococci from natural sources. Washington DC: United States Department of Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service; 1946. (Fishery Leaflet 201) https://spo.nmfs.noaa.gov/content/studies-fecal-streptococci Google Scholar
9230 D. Fluorogenic Substrate Enterococcus Test References
1. ASTM D6503-19. Standard test method for enterococci in water using enterolert. West Conshohocken (PA): ASTM International; 2019. Google Scholar
2. Environmental Protection Agency. 2016. Guidelines establishing test procedures for the analysis of pollutants; Identification of test procedures. Table 1A. 40 C.F.R. §136.3. Google Scholar
3. Environmental Protection Agency. 2017. National primary drinking water regulations; Ground water source microbial monitoring and analytical methods. 40 C.F.R. §141.402(c)(2). Google Scholar
4. Budnick GE, Howard RT, Mayo DR. Evaluation of Enterolert for enumeration of enterococci in recreational waters. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1996;62(10):3881–3884. Google Scholar
5. Fricker EJ, Fricker CR. Use of defined substrate technology and a novel procedure for estimating the numbers of enterococci in water. J Microbiol Meth. 1996;27(2–3):207–210. Google Scholar
6. Abbot S, Caughley B, Scott G. Evaluation of Enterolert® for the enumeration of enterococci in the marine environment. New Zealand J Marine Freshwater Res. 1998;32(4):505–513. Google Scholar
7. Eckner KF. Comparison of membrane filtration and multiple-tube fermentation by the Colilert and Enterolert methods for detection of waterborne coliform bacteria, Escherichia coli and Enterococci used in drinking and bathing water quality monitoring in southern Sweden. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1998;64(8):3079–3083. Google Scholar
9230 E. Quantitative PCR for Enterococci References
1. Method 1609.1: Enterococci in water by TaqMan quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) with internal amplification control (IAC) assay; 820-R-15-099. Washington DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; 2015. Google Scholar
2. Bustin SA, Benes V, Garson JA, Hellemans J, Huggett J, Kubista M, Mueller R, Nolan T, Pfaffl MW, Shipley GL, Vandesompele J, Wittwer CT. The MIQE guidelines: minimum information for publication of quantitative real-time PCR experiments. Clinical Chemistry, 2009. 55(4):611–622. Google Scholar
3. Quality assurance/quality control guidance for laboratories performing PCR analyses on environmental samples; EPA 815-B-04-001. Washington DC: Office of Water, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; 2004. Google Scholar
4. Oliver DM, van Niekerk M, Kay D, Heathwaite AL, Porter J, Fleming L, Kinselman J, Connolly E, Cummins A, McPhil C, et al. Opportunities and limitations of molecular methods for quantifying microbial compliance parameters in EU bathing waters. Env Int. 2014;64(?):124–128. Google Scholar
5. Noble RT, Blackwood AD, Griffith JF, McGee CD, Weisberg SB. Comparison of rapid quantitative PCR-based and conventional culture-based methods for enumeration of Enterococcus spp, and Escherichia coli in recreational waters. Appl Env Microbiol. 2010;76(22):7437–7443. Google Scholar
6. Method 1609.1 and Method 1611.1 Calculation spreadsheet. Washington DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; 2015. Google Scholar
7. Method 1696: Characterization of human fecal pollution in water by HF183/BacR287 TaqMan® quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assay; 821-R-19-002. Washington DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2019. Google Scholar

Related

No related items

TAGGED IN:

  • Biological

TOOLS

CITATION

Standard Methods Committee of the American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association, and Water Environment Federation. 9230 fecal enterococci In: Standard Methods For the Examination of Water and Wastewater. Lipps WC, Baxter TE, Braun-Howland E, editors. Washington DC: APHA Press.

DOI: 10.2105/SMWW.2882.197

SHARE

FROM THE DISCUSSION FORUM: