1. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Lake and reservoir bioassessment and biocriteria. Technical guidance document; EPA 841-B-98-007. Washington DC: Office of Water, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; 1998. Google Scholar

2. Nichols SA. Floristic quality assessment of Wisconsin lake plant communities with example applications. Lakes Reservoir Manage. 1999;15(2):133–141. Google Scholar

3. Nichols SA, Weber S, Shaw B. A proposed aquatic plant community biotic index for Wisconsin Lakes. Environ Manage. 2000;26(5):491–502. Google Scholar

Butcher RW. Studies on the ecology of rivers. I. On the distribution of macrophytic vegetation in the rivers of Britain. J Ecol. 1933;21(1):58–91. Google Scholar

Welch PS. 1948. Limnological methods. Philadelphia (PA): Blakiston Co.; 1948. Google Scholar

Milligan HF. Management of aquatic vascular plants and algae. In: Eutrophication: causes, consequences, correctives. Washington DC: National Academy of Science; 1969. Google Scholar

Boyd CE. The limnological role of aquatic macrophytes and their relationship to reservoir management. In: Hall GE, ed. Reservoir fisheries and limnology; Special Publication of the. American Fisheries Society; 1971, No. 8. Google Scholar

Hutchinson GE. A treatise on limnology. Vol. III. Limnological botany. New York (NY): John Wiley & Sons; 1975. Google Scholar

Westlake DF. Macrophytes. In: Whitton BA, ed. River ecology. Berkeley: University of California Press; 1975. Google Scholar

Wile I. Lake restoration through mechanical harvesting of aquatic vegetation. Verh Int Ver Limnol. 1975;19(1):660–671. Google Scholar

Wood RD. Hydrobotanical methods. Baltimore (MD): University Park Press; 1975. Google Scholar

Raschke RL. Macrophyton. In: Mason Jr WT, ed. Methods for the assessment and prediction of mineral mining impacts on aquatic communities: a review and analysis. Harpers Ferry (WV): U.S. Department of the Interior; 1978. Google Scholar

Wetzel RG. Limnology: lake and river ecosystems, 3rd ed. Philadelphia (PA): Saunders College Publishing, 2001. Google Scholar

Dennis WM, Isom BG, eds. Ecological assessment of macrophyton: collection, use, and meaning of data; Special Technical Publication 843. Philadelphia (PA): ASTM International; 1984. Google Scholar

Ondok JP, Kvet J. Selection of sampling areas in assessment of production. In: Dykyjova D, Kvet J, eds. Pond littoral ecosystems: structure and functioning; ecological studies 28. Berlin: Springer-Verlag; 1978. Google Scholar

Maceina MJ, Shireman JV, Langeland KA, Canfield Jr DE. Prediction of submersed plant biomass by use of a recording fathometer. J Aquat Plant Manage. 1984;22:35. Google Scholar

1. Raschke RL. Mapping—surface or ground surveys. In: Dennis WM, Isom BG, eds. Ecological assessment of macrophyton: collection, use, and meaning of data. Special Technical Publication 843. Philadelphia (PA): ASTM International; 1984. Google Scholar

2. Kress R, Morgan D. Application of new technologies for aquatic plant management; Bulletin, Vol. A-95. U.S. Army Waterways Experiment Station, Corps of Engineers, Aquatic Plant Control Research Program; 1995. Google Scholar

3. Avery ET, Berline GL. Interpretation of Aerial Photographs, 4th ed. Minneapolis (MN): Burgess Publishing Co.; 1985. Google Scholar

4. Andrews DS, Webb DH, Bates AL. The use of aerial remote sensing in quantifying submersed aquatic macrophytes. In: Dennis WM, Isom BG, eds. Ecological assessment of macrophyton: collection, use, and meaning of data. Special Technical Publication 843. Philadelphia (PA): ASTM International; 1984. Google Scholar

5. Long KS. Remote sensing of aquatic plants. Technical report, Vol. A-79-2. Vicksburg (MS): Waterways Experiment Station, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers; 1979. Google Scholar

6. Breedlove BW, Dennis WM. The use of all-format aerial photography in aquatic macrophyton sampling. In: Dennis WM, Isom BG, eds. Ecological assessment of macrophyton: collection, use, and meaning of data. Special Technical Publication 843. Philadelphia (PA): ASTM International; 1984. Google Scholar

7. Benton Jr AR. Monitoring aquatic plants in Texas. Technical Report. RSC-76. College Station (TX): Texas A & M Remote Sensing Center; 1976. Google Scholar

8. Colwell RH, ed. Manual of remote sensing, 2nd ed. Falls Church (VA): American Society of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing; 1983. Google Scholar

9. Slama C, ed. Manual of photogrammetry, 4th ed. Falls Church (VA): American Society of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing; 1980. Google Scholar

10. Maceina MJ, Shireman JV. The use of a recording fathometer for determination of distribution and biomass of hydrilla. J Aquat Plant Manage. 1980;18:34. Google Scholar

Schmid WD. Distribution of aquatic vegetation as measured by line intercept with scuba. Ecology. 1965;46(6):816–823. Google Scholar

Osborne JA. Ground truth measurements of Hydrilla verticillata Royle and those factors influencing underwater light penetration to coincide with remote sensing and photographic analysis. Research Report No. 2. Tallahassee: Bureau of Aquatic Plant Research and Control, Florida Department of Natural Resources; 1977. Google Scholar

1. Peterson SA, Larson DP, Paulsen SG, Urquhart NS. Environmental auditing—Regional lake trophic patterns in northeastern United States: Three approaches. Environ Manage. 1998;22(5):789–801. Google Scholar

2. Cox GW. Laboratory manual of general ecology. Dubuque (IA): William C. Brown Co.; 1967. Google Scholar

3. Kershaw KA. Quantitative and dynamic ecology. London (UK): Edward Arnold Co.; 1971. Google Scholar

4. Madsen JD, Bloomfield JA. Aquatic vegetation quantification symposium: an overview. Lakes Reservoir Manage. 1993;7(2):137–140. Google Scholar

5. Titus JE. Submersed macrophyte vegetation and distribution within lakes: line transect sampling. Lakes Reservoir Manage. 1993;7(2):155–164. Google Scholar

6. Lind CT, Cottam G. The submerged aquatics of University Bay: a study in eutrophication. Amer Midland Natur. 1969;81(2):353–369. Google Scholar

7. Schmid WD. Distribution of aquatic vegetation as measured by line intercept with scuba. Ecology. 1965;46(6):816–823. Google Scholar

8. Ludwig JA, Reynolds JF. Statistical Ecology. New York (NY): Wiley Interscience; 1988. Google Scholar

9. Raschke RL, Rusanowski PC. Aquatic macrophyton field collection methods and laboratory analyses. In: Dennis WM, Isom BG, eds. Ecological assessment of macrophyton: collection, use, and meaning of data. Special Technical Publication 843. Philadelphia (PA): ASTM International; 1984. Google Scholar

10. Madsen JD. Biomass techniques for monitoring and assessing control of aquatic vegetation. Lakes Reservoir Manage. 1993;7(2):141–154. Google Scholar

11. Puckerson LL, David GE. An in situ quantitative epibenthic sampler. Homestead (FL): U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service Report, Everglades National Park; 1975. Google Scholar

12. Raschke RL, Frey PJ. Benthic dome (BeD) sampler. Progr Fish-Cult. 1981;43(1):56–57. Google Scholar

13. Edmondson WT, Winberg GG. A manual on methods for the assessment of secondary productivity in fresh waters. Oxford and Edinburgh (UK): Blackwell Scientific Publishing; 1971. (IBP Handbook No. 17.) Google Scholar

14. Isom BG. Benthic macroinvertebrates. In: Mason Jr WT, ed. Methods for the assessment and prediction of mineral mining impacts on aquatic communities: a review and analysis. Harpers Ferry (WV): U.S. Department of the Interior, 1978. Google Scholar

15. Manning JH, Johnson RE. Water level fluctuation and herbicide application: an integrated control method for Hydrilla in a Louisiana reservoir. J Aquat Plant Manage. 1975;13:11–17. Google Scholar

16. Osborne JA. The Osborne submersed aquatic plant sampler for obtaining biomass measurements. In: Dennis WM, Isom BG, eds. Ecological assessment of macrophyton: collection, use, and meaning of data. Special Technical Publication 843. Philadelphia (PA): ASTM International; 1984. Google Scholar

17. Sabol BM. Development and use of the Waterways Experiment Station’s hydraulically operated submersed aquatic plant sampler. In: Dennis WM, Isom BG, eds. Ecological assessment of macrophyton: collection, use, and meaning of data. Special Technical Publication 843. Philadelphia (PA): ASTM International; 1984. Google Scholar

18. Haynes RR. Techniques for collecting aquatic and marsh plants. Ann Missouri Bot Gard. 1984;71(1):229–231. Google Scholar

19. Tsuda RT, Abbott IA. Collection, handling, preservation, and logistics. In: Littler MM, Littler DS, eds. Handbook of phycological methods. UK: Cambridge University Press; 1985. Google Scholar

20. Hellquist CB. Taxonomic considerations in aquatic vegetation assessments. Lakes Reservoir Manage. 1993;7(2):175–183. Google Scholar

Forsberg C. Quantitative sampling of sub-aquatic vegetation. Oikos. 1959;10:233–240. Google Scholar

Steel RGD, Torrie JH. Principles and procedures of statistics with special reference to the biological sciences. New York (NY): McGraw-Hill Book Co.; 1960. Google Scholar

Fager EW, Flechsig AO, Ford RF, Clutter RI, Ghelardi RJ. Equipment for use in ecological studies using scuba. Limnol Oceanogr. 1966;11(4):503–509. Google Scholar

Livermore DF, Wunderlich WE. Mechanical removal of organic production from waterways. In: Eutrophication: causes, consequences, correctives. Washington DC: National Academy of Sciences; 1969. Google Scholar

1. Linthurst RA, Reimold RJ. An evaluation of methods for estimating the net aerial primary productivity of estuarine angiosperms. J Appl Ecol. 1978;15(3):919–931. Google Scholar

2. Shew DM, Linthurst RA, Seneca ED. Comparison of production computation methods in a southeastern North Carolina Spartina alterniflora salt marsh. Estuaries. 1981;4:97–109. Google Scholar

3. Dickerman JA, Stewart AJ, Wetzel RG. Estimates of net above ground production: Sensitivity to sampling frequency. Ecology. 1986;67(3):650–659. Google Scholar

4. Tucker CS, Debusk TA. Productivity and nutritive value of Pistia stratiotes and Eichhornia crassipes. J Aquat Plant Manage. 1981;19:61–63. Google Scholar

5. Westlake DF. The primary productivity of water plants. In: Symoens JJ, Compere P, eds. Studies on aquatic vascular plants. Belgium (Brussels): Royal Botanical Society; 1982. Google Scholar

6. Milner C, Hughes RE. Methods for the measurement of primary production of grasslands; Oxford (UK): Blackwell Scientific Publications; 1968. (IBP Handbook No. 6.) Google Scholar

7. Kirby CJ, Gosselink JG. Primary production in a Louisiana Gulf coast Spartina alterniflora marsh. Ecology. 1976;58(5):1052–1059. Google Scholar

8. Valiela I, Teal JM, Sass WJ. Production and dynamics of salt marsh vegetation and the effects of experimental treatment with sewage sludge. Biomass, production and species composition. J Appl Ecol. 1975;12(3):973–981. Google Scholar

9. Wiegert RG, Evans FC. Primary production and the disappearance of dead vegetation on an old field in southeastern Michigan. Ecology. 1964;45(1):49–63. Google Scholar

10. Lomnicki RA, Bandola E, Jankowska K. Modification of the Wiegert-Evans method for the estimation of net primary production. Ecology. 1968;49(1):147–149. Google Scholar

11. Moeller RE. Seasonal changes in biomass, tissue chemistry, and net production of the evergreen hydrophyte, Lobelia dortmanna. Can J Bot. 1978;56(12):1425–1433. Google Scholar

12. Sand-Jensen K. Biomass, net production and growth dynamics in an eelgrass (Zostera marina L.) population in Vellerup Vig, Denmark. Ophelia. 1975;14(1-2):185–201. Google Scholar

13. Sand-Jensen K, Sondergaard M. Growth and production of isoetids in oligotrophic Lake Kalguard, Denmark. Verh Int Ver Limnol. 1978;20(1):659–666. Google Scholar

14. Zieman JC, Wetzel RG. Productivity in seagrasses: Methods and rates. In: Phillips RC, McRoy CP, eds. Handbook of seagrass biology. New York (NY): Garland STPM Press; 1980. Google Scholar

15. Zieman JC. Methods for the study of the growth and production of turtle grass, Thalassia testudinum Konig. Aquaculture. 1974;4:139–143. Google Scholar

16. Zieman JC. Quantitative and dynamic aspects of the ecology of turtle grass Thalassia testudinum. Estuarine Res. 1975;1:541. Google Scholar

17. Brouns JJWM, Heijs FML. Production and biomass of the seagrass Enhalus acoroides (L.f) Royle and its epiphytes. Aquat Botany. 1986;25:21–45. Google Scholar

18. Jacobs RPWM. Distribution and aspects of the production and biomass of eelgrass, Zostera marina L., at Roscoff, France. Aquat Botany. 1979;7:151–172. Google Scholar

19. Jackson D, Long SP, Mason CF. Net primary production, decomposition and export of Spartina anglica on a Suffolk salt-marsh. J Ecol. 1986;74(3):647–662. Google Scholar

20. Dawson FH. The annual production of the aquatic macrophyte Ranunculus penicillatus var. calcareus (R.W. Butcher) C.D.K. Cook. Aquat Botany. 1976;2:51–73. Google Scholar

21. Mathews CP, Westlake DF. Estimation of production by populations of higher plants subject to high mortality. Oikos. 1969;20(1):156–160. Google Scholar

22. Carpenter SR. Estimating net shoot production by a hierarchical cohort method of herbaceous plants subject to high mortality. Amer Midland Natur. 1980;140(1):163–175. Google Scholar

23. Valiela I, Teal JM, Persson NY. Production and dynamics of experimentally enriched salt marsh vegetation: Below-ground biomass. Limnol Oceanogr. 1976;21(2):245–252. Google Scholar

24. Gallagher JL, Plumley FG. Underground biomass profiles and productivity in Atlantic coastal marshes. Amer J Bot. 1979;66(2):156–161. Google Scholar

25. Williams DD, Williams NE. A counterstaining technique for use in sorting benthic samples. Limnol Oceanogr. 1974;19(1):152–154. Google Scholar

26. Wium-Andersen S, Borum J. Biomass variation and autotrophic production of an epiphyte-macrophyte community in coastal Danish area: I. Eelgrass (Zostera marina L.) biomass and net production. Ophelia. 1984; 23(1):33–46. Google Scholar

27. Keeley JE, Busch G. Carbon assimilation characteristics of the aquatic CAM plant Isoetes howellii. Plant Physiol. 1984;76(2):525–530. Google Scholar

28. Boston HL, Adams MS. The contribution of crassulacean acid metabolism to the annual productivity of two aquatic vascular plants. Oecologia. 1986;68(4):615–622. Google Scholar

29. Odum HT. Primary production in flowing waters. Limnol Oceanogr. 1956;1(2):103–117. Google Scholar

30. Hough RA. Photosynthesis, respiration, and organic carbon release in Elodea canadensis Michx. Aquat Botany. 1979;7:1–11. Google Scholar

31. Sand-Jensen K, Prahl C. Oxygen exchange with the lacunae and across leaves and roots of the submerged vascular macrophyte, Lobelia dortmanna L. New Phytol. 1982;91(1):103–120. Google Scholar

32. Sand-Jensen K, Prahl C, Stokholm H. Oxygen release from roots of submerged aquatic macrophytes. Oikos. 1982;38(3):349–354. Google Scholar

33. Wetzel RG. Land-water interfaces: metabolic and limnological regulators. Verh Int Ver Limnol. 1990;24:6–24. Google Scholar

34. Hill BH, Webster JR, Linkins AE. Problems in the use of closed chambers for measuring photosynthesis by a lotic macrophyte. In: Dennis WM, Isom BG, eds. Ecological assessment of macrophyton: collection, use, and meaning of data. Special Technical Publication 843. Philadelphia (PA): ASTM International; 1984. Google Scholar

35. Wetzel RG. Techniques and problems of primary productivity measurements in higher aquatic plants and periphyton. In: Goldman CR, ed. Primary production in aquatic environments. Berkeley: University of California Press; 1965 (Mem. Ist. Ital. Idrobiol., 18 Suppl). Google Scholar

36. Westlake DF. Rapid exchange of oxygen between plant and water. Verh Int Ver Limnol. 1978;20(4):2363–2367. Google Scholar

37. Moeslund B, Kelly MG, Thyssen N. Storage of carbon and transport of oxygen in river macrophytes: mass-balance, and the measurement of primary productivity in rivers. Arch Hydrobiol. 1981;93(1):45–51. Google Scholar

38. Kemp MW, Lewis MR, Jones TW. Comparison of methods for measuring production by the submersed macrophyte, Potamogeton perfoliatus L. Limnol Oceanogr. 1986;31(6):1322–1334. Google Scholar

39. Raven JA. Exogenous inorganic carbon sources in plant photosynthesis. Biol Rev. 1970;45(2):167–220. Google Scholar

40. Smith FA, Walker NA. Photosynthesis by aquatic plants: effects of unstirred layers in relation to assimilation of C0₂ and HC0₃- and carbon isotope discrimination. New Phytol. 1980;86(3):245–259. Google Scholar

41. Black MA, Maberly SC, Spence DHN. Resistances to carbon dioxide fixation in four submerged freshwater macrophytes. New Phytol. 1981;69(4):54–568. Google Scholar

42. Westlake DF. Some effects of low-velocity current on the metabolism of aquatic macrophytes. J Exp Bot. 1967;18(2):187–205. Google Scholar

43. Madsen TV, Sondergaard M. The effects of current velocity on the photosynthesis of Callitriche stagnalis scop. Aquat Bot. 1983;15(2):187–193. Google Scholar

44. Jenkins JT, Proctor MCF. Water velocity, growth-form and diffusion resistances to photosynthetic Co2 uptake in aquatic bryophytes. Plant Cell Environ. 1985;8(5):317–323. Google Scholar

45. Rodgers JH Jr, Dickson KL, Cairns J Jr. A chamber for in situ evaluation of periphyton productivity in lotic systems. Arch Hydrobiol. 1978;84(3):389–398. Google Scholar

46. Dawson FH, Westlake DF, Williams GI. An automatic system to study the responses of respiration and photosynthesis by submerged macrophytes to environmental variables. Hydrobiologia. 1981;77:277–285. Google Scholar

47. Wetzel RG. A comparative study of the primary productivity of higher aquatic plants, periphyton, and phytoplankton in a large shallow lake. Int Rev Ges Hydrobiol. 1964;49:1–61. Google Scholar

48. Love RJR, Robinson GGC. The primary productivity of submerged macrophytes in West Blue Lake Manitoba. Can J Bot. 1977;55(2):118–127. Google Scholar

49. Littler MM, Arnold KE. Electrodes and chemicals. In: Littler MM, Littler DS, eds. Handbook of phycological methods, ecological field methods: macroalgae. Cambridge (UK): Cambridge University Press; 1985. Google Scholar

50. Hatcher BG. An apparatus for measuring photosynthesis and respiration of intact large marine algae and comparison of results with those from experiments with tissue segments. Mar Biol. 1977;43:381–385. Google Scholar

51. Lobban CS. Translocation of 14C in Macrocystis pyrifera (giant kelp). Plant Physiol. 1978;61(4):585–589. Google Scholar

52. Bittaker HF, Iverson RL. Thalassia testudinum productivity: a field comparison of measurement methods. Mar Biol. 1976;37:39–46. Google Scholar

53. Vooren CM. Photosynthetic rates of benthic algae from the deep coral reef of Curacao. Aquat Botany. 1981;10:143–159. Google Scholar

54. Adams MS, Titus J, McCracken M. Depth distribution of photosynthetic activity in a Myriophyllum spicatum community in Lake Wingra. Limnol Oceanogr. 1974;19(3):377–389. Google Scholar

55. Guilizzoni P. Photosynthesis of the submergent macrophyte Ceratophyllum demersum in Lake Wingra. Wis Acad Sci Arts Lett. 1977;65:152–162. Google Scholar

56. Priddle J. The production ecology of benthic plants in some Antarctic lakes II. Laboratory physiological studies. J Ecol. 1980;68:155–166. Google Scholar

57. Yipkin Y, Beer S, Best EPH, Kairesalo T, Salonen K. Primary production of macrophytes: terminology, approaches and a comparison of methods. Aquat Botany. 1986;26:129–142. Google Scholar

58. Westlake DF. Methods for measuring production rates—calculation of day rates per unit of lake surface (b) periphyton and macrophytes. In: Vollenweider RA, ed. A manual on methods for measuring primary production in aquatic environments, 2nd ed. Oxford (UK): Blackwell Scientific Publ.; 1974. (IBP Handbook No. 12) Google Scholar

59. Wetzel RG, Likens GE. Limnological Analyses, 2nd ed. New York (NY): Springer-Verlag; 1991. Google Scholar

60. Goulder R. Day-time variations in the rates of production by two natural communities of submerged freshwater macrophytes. J Ecol. 1970;58(2):521–528. Google Scholar

61. McCracken MD, Adams MS, Titus J, Stone W. Diurnal course of photosynthesis in Myriophyllum spicatum and Oedogonium. Oikos. 1975;26(3):355–361. Google Scholar

62. Titus JE, Goldstein RA, Adams MS, Mankin JB, O’Neill RV, Weiler Jr PR., Shugart HH, Booth RS. A production model for Myriophyllum spicatum L. Ecology. 1975;56(5):1129–1138. Google Scholar

63. Best EPH. A preliminary model for the growth of Ceratophyllum demersum L. Verh Int Ver Limnol. 1981;21(3):1484–1491. Google Scholar

64. Allen HA. Primary productivity, chemo-organotrophy, and nutritional interactions of epiphytic algae and bacteria on macrophytes in the littoral of a lake. Ecol Monogr. 1971;41(2):97–127. Google Scholar

65. Hutchinson GE. A treatise on limnology. New York (NY): John Wiley & Sons; 1975. (Vol. 3. Limnological Botany) Google Scholar

66. Sand-Jensen K. Effects of epiphytes on eelgrass photosynthesis. Aquat Botany. 1977;3:55–63. Google Scholar

67. Cattaneo A, Kalff J. The relative contribution of aquatic macrophytes and their epiphytes to the production of macrophyte beds. Limnol Oceanogr. 1980;25(2):280–289. Google Scholar

68. Kairesalo T. Photosynthesis and respiration with an Equisetum fluviatile L. stand in Lake Paajarvi, southern Finland. Arch Hydrobiol. 1983;96(3):317–328. Google Scholar

69. Hough RA, Wetzel RG. A 14C-assay for photorespiration in aquatic plants. Plant Physiol. 1972;49(6):987–990. Google Scholar

70. Westlake DR. Primary production of freshwater macrophytes. In: Cooper JP, ed. Photosynthesis and productivity in different environments. Cambridge (UK): Cambridge University Press; 1975. (IBP Handbook No. 3) Google Scholar

71. Edwards RW, Owens M. The effects of plants on river conditions. IV. The oxygen balance of a chalk stream. J Ecol. 1962;50(1):207–220. Google Scholar

72. Kinsey DW. Open-flow systems. In: Littler MM, Littler DS, eds. Handbook of phycological methods, ecological field methods: macroalgae. Cambridge (UK): Cambridge University Press; 1985. Google Scholar

73. Kosinski RJ. A comparison of the accuracy and precision of several open-water oxygen productivity techniques. Hydrobiologia. 1984;119:139–148. Google Scholar

74. Owens M. Methods of measuring production rates in running water. In: Vollenweider RA, ed. A manual on methods for measuring primary production in aquatic environments. Oxford (UK): Blackwell Scientific Publ.; 1974. (IBP Handbook No. 12) Google Scholar

75. Wilcock RJ. Simple predictive equations for calculating stream reaeration coefficients. N Zealand Sci. 1982;25(1):53–56. Google Scholar

76. Kelly MG, Hornberger GM, Cosby BJ. Continuous automated measurements of rates of photosynthesis and respiration in an undisturbed river community. Limnol Oceanogr. 1974;19(2):305–312. Google Scholar

77. Kelly MG, Thyssen N, Moesland B. Light and the annual variation of oxygen- and carbon-based measurements of productivity in a macrophyte-dominated river. Limnol Oceanogr. 1983;28(3):503–515. Google Scholar

78. Steemann Nielsen E. The use of radioactive carbon (C14) for measuring organic production in the sea. J Cons Perm Int Explor Mer. 1952;18(2):117–140. Google Scholar

79. Peterson BJ. Aquatic primary productivity and the 14C- CO2 method: A history of the productivity problem. Annu Rev Ecol System. 1980;11:359–385. Google Scholar

80. Titus JE, Adams MS, Gustafson TD, Stone WH, Westlake DF. Evaluation of differential infrared gas analysis for measuring gas exchange by submersed aquatic plants. Photosynthetica. 1979;13(3):294–301. Google Scholar

81. Sondergaard M, Wetzel RG. Photorespiration and internal recycling of CO2 in the submersed angiosperm Scirpus subterminalis. Can J Bot. 1980;58:591–598. Google Scholar

82. Wetzel RG, Brammer ES, Lindstrom K, Forsberg C. Photosynthesis of submersed macrophytes in acidified lakes. II. Carbon limitations and utilization of benthic CO2 sources. Aquatic Biol. 1985;22(2):107–120. Google Scholar

83. Arnold KE, Littler MM. The carbon-14 method for measuring primary productivity. In: Littler MM, Littler DS, eds. Handbook of phycological methods, ecological field methods: Macroalgae. Cambridge (UK): Cambridge University Press; 1985. Google Scholar

84. Burnison BK, Perez KT. A simple method for the dry combustion of 14C-labeled materials. Ecology. 1974;55(4):899–902. Google Scholar

85. Beer S, Stewart AJ, Wetzel RG. Measuring chlorophyll a and 14C-labeled photosynthate in aquatic angiosperms by use of a tissue solubilizer. Plant Physiol. 1982;69(1):54–57. Google Scholar

86. Franko DA. Measurement of algal chlorophyll-a and carbon assimilation by a tissue solubilizer method: a critical analysis. Arch Hydrobiol. 1986;106(3):327–335. Google Scholar

87. Hiscox JD, Israelstam GF. A method for the extraction of chlorophyll from leaf tissue without maceration. Can J Bot. 1979;57(12):1332–1334. Google Scholar

88. Filbin GJ, Hough RA. Extraction of 14C-labeled photosynthate from aquatic plants with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Limnol Oceanogr. 1984;29(2):426–428. Google Scholar

89. Browse JA. Measurement of photosynthesis by infrared gas analysis. In: Littler MM, Littler DS, eds. Handbook of phycological methods, ecological field methods: macroalgae. Cambridge (UK): Cambridge University Press; 1985. Google Scholar

90. Van TK, Haller WT, Bowes G. Comparison of the photosynthetic characteristics of three submersed aquatic plants. Plant Physiol. 1976;58(6):761–768. Google Scholar

91. Ceulemans R, Kockelbergh F, Impens I. A fast, low cost and low power requiring device for improving closed loop CO2 measuring systems. J Exp Bot. 1986;37(8):1234–1244. Google Scholar

92. Barko JW, Murphy PG, Wetzel RG. An investigation of primary production and ecosystem metabolism in a Lake Michigan dune pond. Arch Hydrobiol. 1977;81:155–187. Google Scholar

93. Sale PJM, Orr PT, Shell GS, Erskine DJC. Photosynthesis and growth rates in Salivinia molesta and Eichhornia crassipes. J Appl Ecol. 1985;22(1):125–137. Google Scholar

94. Browse JA. An open-circuit infrared gas analysis system for measuring aquatic plant photosynthesis at physiological pH. Aust J Plant Physiol. 1979;6(4):493–498. Google Scholar

95. Vincent WF, Howard-Williams C. Antarctic stream ecosystems: physiological ecology of a blue-green algae epilithon. Freshwater Biol. 1986;16(2):219–233. Google Scholar

96. Titus JE, Stone WH. Photosynthetic response of two submersed macrophytes to dissolved inorganic carbon concentrations and pH. Limnol Oceanogr. 1982;27(1):151–160. Google Scholar

97. Madsen TV. A community of submerged aquatic CAM plants in Lake Kalgaard, Denmark. Aquat Botany. 1985;23(2):97–108. Google Scholar

98. Salonen K. Rapid and precise determination of total inorganic carbon and some gases in aqueous solutions. Water Res. 1981;15(4):403–406. Google Scholar

99. Stainton MP. A syringe gas-stripping procedure for gas-chromatographic determination of dissolved inorganic and organic carbon in fresh water and carbonates in sediments. J Fish Res Board Can. 1973;30(10):1441–1445. Google Scholar

100. Gran G. Determination of the equivalence point in potentiometric tirations. Part II. Analyst. 1952;77(920):661–672. Google Scholar

101. Denny P, Orr PT, Erskine DJ. Potentiometric measurements of carbon dioxide flux of submerged aquatic macrophytes in pH-statted natural waters. Freshwater Biol. 1983;13(6):507–519. Google Scholar

102. Allen ED, Spence DHN. The differential ability of aquatic plants to utilize the inorganic carbon supply in freshwaters. New Phytol. 1981;87(2):269–283. Google Scholar

103. Maberly SC, Spence DHN. Photosynthetic inorganic carbon use by freshwater plants. J Ecol. 1983;71(3):705–724. Google Scholar

104. Talling JF. The application of some electrochemical methods to the measurement of photosynthesis and respiration in fresh waters. Freshwater Biol. 1973;3(4):335–362. Google Scholar

Edwards RW, Owens M. The effects of plants on river conditions. I. Summer crops and estimates of net productivity of macrophytes in a chalk stream. J Ecol. 1960:48(1):151–160. Google Scholar

Westlake DF. Comparisons of plant productivity. Biol Rev. 1963; 38(3):385–425. Google Scholar

Westlake DF. 1965. Some basic data for investigations of the productivity of aquatic macrophytes. In: Goldman CR, ed. Primary production in aquatic environments. Berkeley: University of California Press; 1965. (Mem. Ist. Ital. Idrobiol., 18 Suppl) Google Scholar

Westlake DF. Some effects of low-velocity currents on the metabolism of aquatic macrophytes. J Exp Bot. 1967;18(2):187–205. Google Scholar

Wetzel RG. Excretion of dissolved organic compounds of aquatic macrophytes. Bioscience. 1969;19(6):539–540. Google Scholar

Vollenweider RA, ed. A manual on methods for measuring primary production in aquatic environments, 2nd ed. Oxford (UK): Blackwell Scientific Publ.; 1974. (IBP Handbook No. 12) Google Scholar

Cooper JP, ed. Photosynthesis and productivity in different environments; Cambridge (UK): Cambridge University Press; 1975. (IBP Handbook No. 3) Google Scholar

Hutchinson GE. A treatise on limnology. Vol. III. Limnological botany. New York (NY): John Wiley & Sons; 1975. Google Scholar

Bott TL, Brock JT, Cushings CE, Gregory SV, King D, Petersen RC. A comparison of methods for measuring primary productivity and community respiration in streams. Hydrobiologia. 1978;60:3–12. Google Scholar

Cattaneo A, Kalff J. Seasonal changes in the epiphyte community of natural and artificial macrophytes in Lake Memphremagog. (Que.-Vt.). Hydrobiologia. 1978;60:135–144. Google Scholar

Ondok JP, Kvet J. Selection of sampling areas in assessment of production. In: Dykyjova D, Kvet J, eds. Pond littoral ecosystems: structure and functioning; Berlin: Springer-Verlag; 1978. (Ecological Studies 28) Google Scholar

Gillespie DM, Benke AC. Methods for calculating cohort production from field data—some relationships. Limnol Oceanogr. 1979;24(1):171–176. Google Scholar

Lewis MR, Kemp WM, Cunningham JJ, Stevenson JC. A rapid technique for preparation of aquatic macrophyte samples for measuring ¹⁴C incorporation. Aquat Botany. 1982;13:203–207. Google Scholar

Wetzel RG. Limnology, 2nd ed. Philadelphia (PA): Saunders College Publishing, 1983. Google Scholar

Schubauer JP, Hopkinson CS. Above- and belowground emergent macrophyte production and turnover in a coastal marsh ecosystem, Georgia. Limnol Oceanogr. 1984;29(5):1052–1065. Google Scholar

Madsen JD. Biomass techniques for monitoring and assessing control of aquatic vegetation. Lakes Reservoir Manage. 1993;7(2):141–154. Google Scholar