This version is an update to the 24th edition of Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater and was posted online April 18, 2025.

9270 LEPTOSPIRA

CopyRight

9270 B. Procedures References
1. Levett PN and Galloway RL. Leptospira. In: Carroll KC, Pfaller MA, Landry ML, McAdam AJ, Patel R, Richter SS, Warnock DW. Manual of clinical microbiology. 12th Ed. Washington DC: ASM Press; 2019. Google Scholar
2. Katz AR, Ansdell VE, Effler PV, Middleton CR, Sasaki DM. Leptospirosis in Hawaii, 1974–1998: epidemiologic analysis of 353 laboratory-confirmed cases. Amer J Trop Med Hyg. 2002;66(1):61–70. Google Scholar
3. Katz AR, Effler PV, Ansdell VE. 2003. Comparison of serology and isolates for the identification of infecting leptospiral serogroups in Hawaii, 1979–1998. Trop Med Int Health. 2003;8(7):639–642. Google Scholar
4. Morgan J, Bornstein SL, Karpati AM, Bruce M, Bolin CA, Austin CC, Woods CW, Lingappa J, Langkop C, Davis B, et al.; Leptospirosis Working Group. Outbreak of leptospirosis among triathlon participants and community residents in Springfield, Illinois, 1998. Clin Infect Dis. 2002;34(12):1593–1599. Google Scholar
5. Katz AR, Sasaki DM, Mumm AH, Escamilla J, Middleton CR, Romero SE. Leptospirosis on Oahu: an outbreak among military personnel associated with recreational exposure. Mil Med. 1997;162(2):101–104. Google Scholar
6. Haake DA, Dundoo M, Cader R, Kubak BM, Hartskeerl RA, Sejvar JJ, Ashford DA. Leptospirosis, water sports, and chemoprophylaxis. Clin Infect Dis. 2002;34(9):e40–e43. Google Scholar
7. Stern EJ, Galloway R, Shadomy SV, Wannemuehler K, Atrubin D, Blackmore C, Wofford T, Wilkins PP, Ari MD, Harris L, Clark TA. Outbreak of leptospirosis among Adventure Race participants in Florida, 2005. Clin Infect Dis. 2010 Mar 15;50(6):843–849. Google Scholar
8. Jackson LA, Kaufmann AF, Adams WG, Phelps MB, Andreasen C, Langkop CW, Francis BJ, Wenger JD. Outbreak of leptospirosis associated with swimming. Pediat Infect Dis J. 1993;12(1):48–54. Google Scholar
9. van Crevel R, Speelman P, Gravekamp C, Terpstra WJ. Leptospirosis in travelers. Clin Infect Dis. 1994;19(1):132–134. Google Scholar
10. Fuortes L, Nettleman M. Leptospirosis: a consequence of the Iowa flood. Iowa Med. 1994;84(10):449–450. Google Scholar
11. Katz AR, Manea S, Sasaki DM. Leptospirosis on Kauai: investigation of a common source waterborne outbreak. Amer J Public Health 1991;81(10):1310–1312. Google Scholar
12. Marinova-Petkova A, Guendel I, Strysko JP, Ekpo LL, Galloway R, Yoder J, Kahler A, Artus A, Hoffmaster AR, Bower WA, et al. First reported human cases of leptospirosis in the United States Virgin Islands in the aftermath of Hurricanes Irma and Maria, September–November 2017. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2019;6(7):ofz261. Google Scholar
13. Cacciapuoti B, Ciceroni L, Maffei C, Di Stanislao F, Strusi P, Calegari L, Lupidi R, Scalise G, Cagnoni G, Renga G. A waterborne outbreak of leptospirosis. Amer J Epidemiol. 1987;126(3):535–545. Google Scholar
14. Levett PN. Leptospirosis. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2001;14(2):296–326. Google Scholar
15. Heath CW Jr, Alexander AD, Galton MM. Leptospirosis in the United States. Analysis of 483 cases in man, 1949–1961. N Engl J Med. 1965;273(17):915–922. Google Scholar
16. Heath CW, Alexander AD, Galton MM. Leptospirosis in the United States. N Engl J Med. 1965;273(16):857–864. Google Scholar
17. Smythe LD, Smith IL, Smith GA, Dohnt MF, Symonds ML, Barnett LJ, McKay DB. A quantitative PCR (TaqMan) assay for pathogenic Leptospira spp. BMC Infect Dis. 2002;2:13. Google Scholar
18. Taylor MJ, Ellis WA, Montgomery JM, Yan KT, McDowell SW, Mackie DP. Magnetic immuno capture PCR assay (MIPA): detection of Leptospira borgpetersenii serovar hardjo. Vet Microbiol. 1997;56(1–2):135–145. Google Scholar
19. Murgia R, Riquelme N, Baranton G, Cinco M. Oligonucleotides specific for pathogenic and saprophytic leptospira occurring in water. FEMS Microbiol Letters. 1997;148(1):27–34. Google Scholar
20. Parma AE, Seijo A, Lucchesi PM, Deodato B, Sanz ME. Differentiation of pathogenic and non-pathogenic leptospires by means of the polymerase chain reaction. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo. 1997;39(4):203. Google Scholar
21. Woo TH, Smythe LD, Symonds ML, Norris MA, Dohnt MF, Patel BK. Rapid distinction between Leptospira interrogans and Leptospira biflexa by PCR amplification of 23S ribosomal DNA. FEMS Microbiol Letters 1997;150:9. Google Scholar
22. Woo TH, Patel BK, Cinco M, Smythe LD, Symonds ML, Norris MA, Dohnt MF. Real-time homogeneous assay of rapid cycle polymerase chain reaction product for identification of Leptonema illini. Anal Biochem. 1998;259(1):112–117. Google Scholar
23. Kupferman T, Coffee MP, Eckhardt BJ. Case report: a cluster of three leptospirosis cases in a New York City abattoir and an unusual complication in the index case. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2017;97(6):1679–1681. Google Scholar
24. Adler B, Faine S. The genus Leptospira. In: Dworkin M, Falkow S, Rosenberg E, Shleifer KH, Stackebrandt E. The prokaryotes. 3rd Ed. New York (NY): Springer Publishing; 2006, Volume 7, p. 294. Google Scholar
25. Henry RA, Johnson RC. Distribution of the genus Leptospira in soil and water. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1978;35(3):492–499. Google Scholar
26. Chang SL, Buckingham M, Taylor MP (1948) Studies on Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae; survival in water and sewage; destruction in water by halogen compounds, synthetic detergents, and heat. J Infect Dis 82(3):256–266. Google Scholar
27. Alexander AD, Stoenner HG, Wood GE, Byrne RJ. A new pathogenic Leptospira, not readily cultivated. J Bacteriol. 1962;83(4):754–760. Google Scholar
28. Baker MF, Baker HJ. Pathogenic Leptospira in Malaysian surface waters I. A method of survey for Leptospira in natural waters and soils. Amer J Trop Med Hyg. 1970;19(3):485–492. Google Scholar
29. Diesch SL, McCulloch WF. Isolation of pathogenic leptospires from water used for recreation. Public Health Rep. 1966;81(4):299–304. Google Scholar
30. Bracken FK, Gillespie WH, Kenzy SG, Ringen LM. Studies on bovine leptospirosis. III. Isolation of Leptospira pomona from surface water. Amer J Vet Res. 1957;18(66):76–80. Google Scholar
31. Braun JL, Diesch SL, McCulloch WF. A method for isolating leptospires from natural surface waters. Can J Microbiol. 1968;14(9):1011–1012. Google Scholar
32. Miller E, Barragan V, Chiriboga J, Weddell C, Luna L, Jimenez DJ, Aleman J, Mihaljevic JR, Oivas S, et al. l. Leptospira in river and soil in a highly endemic area of Ecuador. BMC Microbiol. 2021;21:17. Google Scholar
33. Schneider AG, Casanovas-Massana A, Hacker KP, Wunder EA Jr, Begon M, Reis MG, Childs JE, Costa F, Lindow JC, Ko AI. Quantification of pathogenic Leptospira in the soils of a Brazilian urban slum. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2018;12(4):e0006415. Google Scholar
34. Smibert RM. A technique for the isolation of leptospirae from contaminating microorganisms. Can J Microbiol. 1965;11(4):743–744. Google Scholar
35. Thiermann AB. Use of solid medium for isolation of leptospires of the Hebdomadis serogroup from bovine milk and urine. Am J Vet Res. 1981;42(12):2143–2145. Google Scholar
36. Stamm LV, Charon NW. Plate assay for detection of Leptospira interrogans serovar pomona hemolysin. J Clin Microbiol. 1997;10(4):590–592. Google Scholar
37. Ellinghausen HC Jr, McCullough WG. Nutrition of Leptospira pomona and growth of 13 other serotypes: a serum-free medium employing oleic albumin complex. Amer J Vet Res. 1965;26:39–44. Google Scholar
38. Ellinghausen HC Jr, McCullough WG. 1965. Nutrition of Leptospira pomona and growth of 13 other serotypes: fraction of oleic albumin complex and a medium of bovine albumin and polysorbate 80. Amer J Vet Res. 1965;26:45–51. Google Scholar
39. Turner LH. Leptospirosis III: Maintenance, isolation and demonstration of leptospires. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1970;64(4):623–646. Google Scholar
40. Adler B, Faine S, Christopher WL, Chappel RJ. Development of an improved selective medium for isolation of leptospires from clinical material. Vet Microbiol. 1986;12(4):377–381. Google Scholar
41. Myers DM, Varela-Diaz VM. Selective isolation of leptospiras from contaminated material by incorporation of neomycin to culture media. Appl Microbiol. 1973;25(5):781–786. Google Scholar
42. Johnson RC, Rogers P. 5-fluorouracil as a selective agent for growth of leptospirae. J Bacteriol. 1964;87(2):422–426. Google Scholar
43. Loureiro AP, Martins G, Pinto P, Narduche L, Teixeira RC, Lilenbaum W. Usage of a selective media (EMJH-STAFF) in primary culturing of pathogenic leptospires from bovine clinical samples. Lett Appl Microbiol. 2015;61(6):603–606. Google Scholar
44. Adler B. Leptospira and Leptospirosis. Berlin: Springer-Verlag; 2015 (Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology Volume 387). Google Scholar
45. Institut Pasteur. Pasteur MLST: Leptospira locus/sequence definitions database [accessed 25 June 2021]. https://bigsdb.pasteur.fr/cgi-bin/bigsdb/bigsdb.pl?db=pubmlst_leptospira_seqdef Google Scholar

Related

No related items

TAGGED IN:

TOOLS

CITATION

Standard Methods Committee of the American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association, and Water Environment Federation. 9270 leptospira In: Standard Methods For the Examination of Water and Wastewater. Lipps WC, Baxter TE, Braun-Howland E, editors. Washington DC: APHA Press.

DOI: 10.2105/SMWW.2882.259

SHARE

FROM THE DISCUSSION FORUM: