Abstract: 1. Significance

Amphibians are important organisms in freshwater ecosystems, and many of these species’ populations have been declining for several years.^1–3 Because some of the declines likely result from exposure to aquatic toxic materials,^1,4,5 more focus on amphibians in aquatic toxicology and standard experimental protocols is imperative. The following summary outlines protocols for anuran amphibians (Order Anura: frogs and toads). Anurans are the best avenue for standardizing methods because they have been the most extensively studied. Salamanders (Order Caudata) have been used less frequently in toxicology studies, so they will not be specifically addressed. However, the following methods can be modified for salamanders as necessary.