1. Technical support document for water quality-based control; EPA-505/2-90-001 (PB91-127415). Washington DC: Office of Water, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; 1991. Google Scholar

2. Permit writer’s guide to water quality-based permitting for toxic pollutants. Washington DC: Office of Water, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; 1987. Google Scholar

3. Grothe DR, Dickson KL, Reed-Judkins DK, eds. Whole effluent toxicity testing: An evaluation of methods and prediction of receiving system impacts. SETAC Pellston Workshop on Whole Effluent Toxicity; 1995 Sep 16–25; Pellston, Michigan. Pensacola (FL): SETAC Press; 1996. Google Scholar

4. Environmental assessment, risk management and corrective action, Vol. 11.06. In: Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Section 11. West Conshohocken (PA): ASTM International; 2015. Google Scholar

5. Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. OECD guidelines for testing of chemicals. Paris: OECD; 1981. Google Scholar

6. Bergman H, Kimerle R, Maki AW, eds. Environmental hazard assessment of effluents. Elmsford (NY): Pergamon Press, Inc.; 1985. Google Scholar

7. Standard guide for conducting acute toxicity tests on aqueous ambient samples and effluents with fishes, macroinvertebrates, and amphibians; E1192-97. West Conshohocken (PA): ASTM International; 2008. Google Scholar

8. Standard guide for conducting acute toxicity tests on test materials with fishes, macroinvertebrates, and amphibians; E729-96. West Conshohocken (PA): ASTM International; 2007. Google Scholar

9. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA); Good Laboratory Practice Standards. Proposed Rule. 40 CFR Part 160; Federal Register 52:48920; 1987. Google Scholar

10. Methods for measuring the acute toxicity of effluents and receiving waters to freshwater and marine organisms, 5th ed.; EPA-821-R-02-012. Washington DC: Office of Water, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; 2002. Google Scholar

11. Short-term methods for estimating the chronic toxicity of effluents and receiving waters to marine and estuarine organisms. 3rd ed.; EPA-821-R-02-014. Washington DC: Office of Water, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; 2002. Google Scholar

12. Short-term methods for estimating the chronic toxicity of effluents and receiving waters to freshwater organisms. 4th ed.; EPA-821-R-02-013. Washington DC: Office of Water, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; 2002. Google Scholar

13. Standard practice for statistical analysis of toxicity tests conducted under ASTM guidelines; E1847-96 (2013). In: Annual book of ASTM standards, Vol. 11.06. West Conshohocken (PA): ASTM International; 2015. Google Scholar

14. Standard guide for selection of resident species as test organisms for aquatic and sediment toxicity tests (E1850-04). West Conshohocken (PA): ASTM International; 2012. Google Scholar

15. Guidance document on application and interpretation of single-species tests in environmental toxicology; Report EPS 1/RM/34. Ottawa (ON): Environment Canada; 1999. Google Scholar

Rand GM, ed. Fundamentals of aquatic toxicology. 2nd ed. Washington DC: Taylor & Francis; 1995. Google Scholar

Klaason CD, ed. Casarett and Doull’s toxicology: The basic science of poisons. 8th ed. Columbus (OH): McGraw Hill Education; 2013. Google Scholar

Stephan CE, Mount DI, Hansen DJ, Gentile JH, Chapman GA, Brungs WA. Guidelines for deriving numerical national water quality criteria for the protection of aquatic organisms and their uses; NTIS PB85-227049. Duluth (MN), Narragansett (RI) and Corvallis (OR): U.S. Environmental Research Laboratories; 1985. Google Scholar

Technical support document for water quality-based control; EPA-505/2-90-001 (PB91-127415). Washington DC: Office of Water, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; 1991. Google Scholar

Rand GM, ed. Fundamentals of aquatic toxicology. 2nd ed. Washington DC: Taylor & Francis; 1995. Google Scholar

Methods for measuring the acute toxicity of effluents and receiving waters to freshwater and marine organisms. 5th ed.; EPA-821-R-02-012. Washington DC: Office of Water, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; 2002. Google Scholar

Short-term methods for estimating the chronic toxicity of effluents and receiving waters to freshwater organisms. 4th ed.; EPA-821-R-02-013. Washington DC: Office of Water, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; 2002. Google Scholar

1. U.S. Department of the Interior. Aquarium design criteria; special edition of Drum and Croaker WH, ed. Washington DC: National Fisheries Center Aquarium; 1970. Google Scholar

2. Clark JR, Clark RL, eds. Sea water systems for experimental aquariums; U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife. Research Report No. 63. Washington DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1964. Google Scholar

3. Spotte S. Marine aquarium keeping—The science, the Animals, the art. New York (NY): Wiley Interscience; 1973. Google Scholar

4. Lasker R, Vlymer LL. Experimental seawater aquarium; U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Bureau of Commercial Fisheries. Circular No. 334. Washington DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1969. Google Scholar

5. Stephan CE, Mount DI, Jansen DJ, Gentile JH, Chapman GA, Brungs WA. Guidelines for deriving numerical national water quality criteria for the protection of aquatic organisms and their uses; NTIS PB85-227049. Duluth (MN): U.S. Environmental Research Laboratory; 1985. Google Scholar

6. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Methods for measuring the acute toxicity of effluents and receiving waters to freshwater and marine organisms. 5th ed.; EPA-821-R-02-012. Washington DC: Office of Water; 2002. Google Scholar

7. Denny, JS. Guidelines for the culture of fathead minnows Pimephales promelas for use in toxicity tests; EPA-600/3-87-001. Duluth (MN): Environmental Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; 1987. Google Scholar

8. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency/U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Evaluation of dredged material proposed for discharge in waters of the U.S.—Testing manual (Inland Testing Manual); USEPA 823-B-98-004. Washington DC; 1998. Google Scholar

9. Environmental assessment, risk management and corrective action, Vol. 11.06. In: Annual book of ASTM standards, Section 11: West Conshohocken (PA): ASTM International; 2015. Google Scholar

1. Technical support document for water quality-based toxics control; EPA-505-2-90-001. Washington DC: Office of Water, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; 1991. Google Scholar

2. Canadian water quality guidelines for the protection of aquatic life: Guidance on the site-specific application of water quality guidelines in Canada: Procedures for deriving numerical water quality objectives. Winnipeg (Manitoba): Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment; 2003. Google Scholar

3. Methods for measuring the acute toxicity of effluents and receiving waters to freshwater and marine organisms. 5th. ed.; EPA-821-R-02-012. Washington DC: Office of Water, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; 2002. Google Scholar

4. Standard guide for conducting bioconcentration tests with fishes and saltwater bivalve mollusks; E1022-94. West Conshohocken (PA): ASTM International; 2013. Google Scholar

5. Short-term methods for estimating the chronic toxicity of effluents and receiving waters to freshwater organisms. 4th ed.; EPA-821-R-02-013. Washington DC: Office of Water, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; 2002. Google Scholar

6. Short-term methods for estimating the chronic toxicity of effluents and receiving waters to marine and estuarine organisms. 3rd ed.; EPA-821-R-02-014. Washington DC: Office of Water, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; 2002. Google Scholar

7. Norberg-King TJ, Mount DI, Durhan E, Ankley G, Burkhard L. Methods for aquatic toxicity identifications: Phase I toxicity characterization procedures; EPA-600/6-91-003. Duluth (MN): Environmental Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; 1991. Google Scholar

8. Durham EJ, Norberg-King TJ, Burkhard LP. Methods for aquatic toxicity identification evaluations: Phase II toxicity identification procedures for samples exhibiting acute and chronic toxicity; USEPA-600/R-92-080. Duluth (MN): Environmental Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; 1993. Google Scholar

9. Mount DI, Norberg-King TJ. Methods for aquatic toxicity identification evaluations: Phase III toxicity confirmation procedures for samples exhibiting acute and chronic toxicity; EPA-600/R-92-081. Duluth (MN): Environmental Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; 1993. Google Scholar

10. Norberg-King TJ, Mount DI, Amato J, Jensen D, Thompson J. Toxicity identification evaluation: Characterization of chronically toxic effluents, Phase I; EPA-600/6-91-005. Duluth (MN): Environmental Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; 1991. Google Scholar

11. Burgess RM, Ho KT, Morrison GE, Chapman G, Denton DL. Marine toxicity identification evaluation (TIE): Phase I guidance document; EPA-600/R-96-054. Narragansett (RI): National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; 1996. Google Scholar

12. Botts JA, Goodfellow WL, Collins MA, Morris TL, Diehl RA. Toxicity reduction evaluation guidance for municipal wastewater treatment plants. Washington DC: Office of Wastewater Management, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; 1999. Google Scholar

13. Fava JA, Lindsay D, Clement WH, Degraeve GM, Cooney JD, Hansen S, Rue W, Moore S, Lannford P. Generalized methodology for conducting industrial toxicity reduction evaluations; EPA-600/2-88-070. Cincinnati (OH): Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; 1989. Google Scholar

14. Walsh GE, Garnas RL. Determination of bioactivity of chemical fractions of liquid wastes using freshwater and saltwater algae and crustaceans. Environ Sci Technol. 1983;17(3):180–182. Google Scholar

15. Doi J, Grothe DR. Use of fractionation/chemical analysis schemes for plant effluent toxicity evaluations. In: Suter GW II, Lewis MA, eds. Aquatic toxicology and environmental fate; ASTM STP 1007. Philadelphia (PA): American Society for Testing and Materials; 1989; Vol. 11, p. 123. Google Scholar

16. Parkhurst BR, Gehrs CW, Rubin IB. Value of chemical fractionation for identifying the toxic components of complex aqueous effluents. In: Marking LL, Kimerle RA, eds. Aquatic toxicology; ASTM STP 667, Philadelphia (PA): American Society for Testing and Materials; 1979; p. 122. Google Scholar

17. Goodfellow WC Jr, Mcculloch WC, Botts JA, Mcdearmon AG, Bishop DF. Long-term multispecies toxicity and effluent fractionation study at a municipal wastewater treatment plant. In: Suter GW II, Lewis MA, eds. Aquatic toxicology and environmental fate; ASTM STP 1007. Philadelphia (PA): American Society for Testing and Materials; 1989; Vol. 11, p. 139. Google Scholar

18. Samolloff MR, Bell J, Birkholz DA, Webster GRB, Arnott EG, Pulak R, Madrid A. Combined bioassay-chemical fractionation scheme for the determination and ranking of toxic chemicals in sediments. Environ Sci Technol. 1983;17(6):329–334. Google Scholar

19. Norberg-King TJ, Ausley LW, Burton DT, Goodfellow WL, Miller JL, Waller WT, eds. Toxicity reduction and toxicity identification evaluations for effluents, ambient waters, and other aqueous media. Pensacola (FL): Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry; 2005. Google Scholar

1. Methods for measuring the acute toxicity of effluents and receiving waters to freshwater and marine organisms. 5th ed.; EPA-821-R-02-012. Washington DC: Office of Water, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; 2002. Google Scholar

2. Mount DI, Brungs WA. A device for continuous treatment of fish in holding chambers. Trans Amer Fish Soc. 1967;96(1):55–57. Google Scholar

3. Cline TF, Post G. Therapy for trout eggs infected with Saprolegnia. Progr Fish-Cult. 1972;34(3):148–151. Google Scholar

4. Davis, HS. Culture and diseases of game fishes. Berkeley (CA): University of California Press; 1953. Google Scholar

5. Herwig, N. Handbook of drugs and chemicals used in the treatment of fish diseases. Springfield (IL): Charles C. Thomas Publisher; 1979. Google Scholar

6. Hoffman GL, Meyer FP. Parasites of freshwater fishes. Neptune City (NJ): THF Publications Inc.; 1974. Google Scholar

7. Hoffman GL, Mitchell AJ. Some chemicals that have been used for fish diseases and pests. Stuttgart (AR): Fish Farming Experimental Station, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service; 1980. Google Scholar

8. Reichenbach-Klinke H, Elkan E. The principal diseases of lower vertebrates. New York (NY): Academic Press; 1965. Google Scholar

9. Sniewzko SF, ed. A symposium on diseases of fishes and shellfishes; Special Publication No. 5. Washington DC: American Fisheries Society; 1970. Google Scholar

10. Van Duijn C Jr. Diseases of fishes. 3rd ed. Springfield (IL): Charles C. Thomas Publisher; 1973. Google Scholar

11. Bouck GR, King RE, Schmidt G. Comparative removal of gas supersaturation by plunges, screens and packed columns. Aquacult Eng. 1984;3(3):159–176. Google Scholar

12. Short-term methods for estimating the chronic toxicity of effluents and receiving waters to freshwater organisms. 4th ed.; EPA-821-R-02-013. Washington DC: Office of Water, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; 2002. Google Scholar

13. Short-term methods for estimating the chronic toxicity of effluents and receiving waters to marine and estuarine organisms. 3rd ed.; EPA-821-R-02-014. Washington DC: Office of Water, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; 2002. Google Scholar

14. Kester E, Dredall I, Conners D, Pytowicz R. Preparation of artificial seawater. Limnol Oceanogr. 1967;12(1):176–179. Google Scholar

15. Spotte S, Adams G, Bubucis PM. GP2 medium is an artificial seawater for culture or maintenance of marine organisms. Zool Biol. 1984;3(3):229–240. Google Scholar

16. Zaroogian GE, Pesh G, Morrison G. Formulation of an artificial sea water media suitable for oyster larvae development. Amer Zool. 1969;9:1141. Google Scholar

17. Davey EW, Gentile JH, Erickson SJ, Betzer P. Removal of trace metals from marine culture media. Limnol Oceanogr. 1970;15(3):486–488. Google Scholar

18. Zillioux EJ, Foulk HR, Prager JC, Cardin JA. Using Artemia to assay oil dispersant toxicities. J Water Pollut Control Fed. 1973;45(11):2389–2396. Google Scholar

19. Meyers SP, Zein-Eldin ZP. Binders and pellet stability in development of crustacean diets. Proc 3rd Annual Workshop World Maricult Soc. 1972;3(1–4):351–364. Google Scholar

20. Needham JG, Galtsoff PS, Lutz FE, Welsh PS. Culture methods for invertebrate animals. Ithaca (NY): Comstock Publishing Co.; 1937. Google Scholar

21. Hirano R, Oshima Y. Rearing of larvae of marine animals with special reference to their food organisms. Bull Jap Soc Sci Fish. 1963;29:282–297. Google Scholar

22. May RC. Feeding larval marine fishes in the laboratory: A review. Calif Mar Res Comm CalCOFl Rep. 1970;14:76–83. Google Scholar

23. Braughn JL, Schoettger RA. Acquisition and culture of research fish: Rainbow trout, fathead minnows, channel catfish, and bluegills; Ecological Research Series, EPA-660/3-75-011. Washington DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; 1975. Google Scholar

24. Spotte S. Fish and invertebrate culture: Water management in closed systems. New York (NY): Wiley Interscience; 1979. Google Scholar

25. Bardach JE, Ryther JH, Mclarney WO. Aquaculture: The farming and husbandry of freshwater and marine organisms. New York (NY): Wiley Interscience; 1982. Google Scholar

26. Denny JS. Guidelines for the culture of fathead minnows Pimephales promelas for use in toxicity tests; EPA-600/3-87-001. Duluth (MN): Environmental Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; 1987. Google Scholar

27. Willford WA. Toxicity of 22 therapeutic compounds to six fishes; Investigations in Fish Control 18. Washington DC: US Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife; 1967. Google Scholar

1. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Methods for measuring the acute toxicity of effluents and receiving waters to freshwater and marine organisms. 5th ed.; EPA-821-R-02-012. Washington DC: Office of Water; 2002. Google Scholar

2. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Short-term methods for estimating the chronic toxicity of effluents and receiving waters to marine and estuarine organisms. 3rd ed.; EPA-821-R-02-014. Washington DC: Office of Water; 2002. Google Scholar

3. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Short-term methods for estimating the chronic toxicity of effluents and receiving waters to freshwater organisms. 4th ed.; EPA-821-R-02-013. Washington DC: Office of Water; 2002. Google Scholar

4. McAllister WA Jr, Mauck WL, Mayer FL Jr. A simplified device for metering chemicals in intermittent-flow bioassays. Trans Amer Fish Soc. 1972;101:555–557. Google Scholar

5. Lowe JI. Chronic exposure of spot, Leiostomus xanthurus, to sublethal concentrations of toxaphene in seawater. Trans Amer Fish Soc. 1964;93:396–399. Google Scholar

6. Mount DI, Warner RE. A serial dilution apparatus for continuous delivery of various concentrations of material in water; PHS Publication No. 999-WP-23. Washington DC: Environmental Health Services, United States Department of Health, Education, and Welfare; 1965. Google Scholar

7. Mount DI, Stephan C. A method for establishing acceptable toxicant limits for fish—Malathion and the butoxyethanol ester of 2,4-D. Trans Amer Fish Soc. 1967:96:185–193. Google Scholar

8. Cline TF, Post G. Therapy for trout eggs infected with Saprolegnia. Progr Fish-Cult. 1972;34(3):148–151. Google Scholar

9. Chandler JH, Sanders HO, Walsh DF. An improved chemical delivery apparatus for use in intermittent-flow bioassays. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol. 1974;12:123–182. Google Scholar

10. Schimmel SC, Hansen DJ, Forester J. Effects of Aroclor^(R) 1254 on laboratory-reared embryos and fry of sheepshead minnows (Cyprinodon variegatus). Trans Amer Fish Soc. 1974;103(3):582–586. Google Scholar

11. Freeman RA. A constant flow delivery device for chronic bioassay. Trans Amer Fish Soc. 1971;100(1):135–136. Google Scholar

12. Bengtsson BE. A simple principle for dosing apparatus in aquatic systems. Arch Hydrobiol. 1972;70:413–415. Google Scholar

13. Granmo A, Kollberg SC. A new simple water flow system for accurate continuous flow tests. Water Res. 1972;6(12):1597–1599. Google Scholar

14. Benoit DA, Puglisi FA. A simplified flow-splitting chamber and siphon for proportional diluters. Water Res. 1973;7(12):1915–1916. Google Scholar

15. Lichatowich JA, PW O’Keefe, Strand JA, Templeton WL. Development of methodology and apparatus for the bioassay of oil. In: Proceedings, Joint Conference on Prevention and Control of Oil Spills, American Petroleum Institute, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Washington DC: U.S. Coast Guard; 1973; p. 659. Google Scholar

16. Abram FSH. Apparatus for control of poison concentration in toxicity studies with fish. Water Res. 1973;7(12):1875–1879. Google Scholar

17. Mount DI, Brungs WA. A simplified dosing apparatus for fish toxicology studies. Water Res. 1967;1(1):21–22. Google Scholar

18. Thatcher TO, Santner JF. Acute toxicity of LAS to various fish species. In: Proceedings of 21st Industrial Waste Conference, Purdue University; English Extension Bulletin No. 121. 1966;996–1002. Google Scholar

19. Shumway DL, Palensky JR. Impairment of the flavor of fish by water pollutants; Ecological Research Series No. EPA-R3-73-101. Washington DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; 1973. Google Scholar

20. DeFoe DL. Multichannel toxicant injection system for flow-through bioassays. J Fish Res Board Can. 1975;32(4):544–546. Google Scholar

21. Riley CW. Proportional diluter for effluent bioassays. J Water Pollut Control Fed. 1975;47(11):2620–2626. Google Scholar

22. Birge WJ, Black JA, Hudson JE, Bruser DM. Embryo-larval toxicity tests with organic compounds. In: Marking LL, Kimerle RA, eds. Aquatic toxicology; ASTM STP 667. Philadelphia (PA): American Society for Testing and Materials; 1979; p. 313. Google Scholar

23. Garton RR. A simple continuous-flow toxicant delivery system. Water Res. 1980;14(3):227–230. Google Scholar

24. Benoit DA, Mattson VR, Olson DL. A continuous-flow mini-diluter system for toxicity testing. Water Res. 1982;16(4):457–464. Google Scholar

25. Lemke AE. A new device for constant-flow test chambers. Progr Fish-Cult. 1964;26:136–138. Google Scholar

26. Jackson HW, Brungs WA. Biomonitoring of industrial effluents. Proceedings of 21st Industrial Waste Conference, Purdue University; English Extension Bulletin No. 121. 1966:117. Google Scholar

27. Surber EW, Thatcher TO. Laboratory studies on the effects of alkyl benzene sulfonate (ABS) on aquatic invertebrates. Trans Amer Fish Soc. 1963;92:152–160. Google Scholar

28. Sillen LC, Martell AE. Stability constants of metal ion complexes; Special Publication No. 17. London (England): Chemical Society; 1964. Google Scholar

29. Andrew RW, Glass GE. Amperometric methods for determining residual chlorine, ozone and sulfite. Duluth (MN): U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Water Quality Laboratory; 1974. Google Scholar

30. McKim JM, Benoit DA. Effects of long-term exposures to copper on survival, growth and reproduction of brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis, Mitchill). J Fish Res Board Can. 1971;28(5):655–662. Google Scholar

31. Drummond RA, Dawson WF. An inexpensive method for simulating a diel pattern of lighting in the laboratory. Trans Amer Fish Soc. 1970;99:434–435. Google Scholar

Committee on Methods for Toxicity Tests with Aquatic Organisms. Methods for acute toxicity tests with fish, macroinvertebrates, and amphibians; EPA-660/3-75-009. Corvallis (OR): U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; 1975. Google Scholar

Lee DR. Reference toxicants in quality control of aquatic bioassays. In: Buikema AL Jr, Cairns J Jr, eds. Aquatic invertebrate bioassays. Philadelphia (PA): American Society for Testing and Materials; 1980. Google Scholar

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Proposed good laboratory practice guidelines for toxicity testing. Fed Reg. 1980;45:26377–26382. Google Scholar

Posthuma L, Suter GW II, Traas TP, eds. Species sensitivity distributions in ecotoxicology. Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press; 2001. Google Scholar

Newman M, Unger M. Fundamentals of ecotoxicology. 2nd ed. New York (NY): Taylor & Francis; 2002. Google Scholar

Carr RC, Nipper M, eds. Porewater toxicity testing. Pensacola (FL): Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry; 2003. Google Scholar

Hodgson E, ed. A textbook of modern toxicology. 3rd ed. New York (NY): John Wiley & Sons; 2004. Google Scholar

den Besten PJ, Munawar M, eds. Exotoxicological testing of marine and freshwater ecosystems. Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press; 2005. Google Scholar

Thompson FC, Wadhia K, Loibner AP, eds. Environmental testing. Oxford (UK): Blackwell; 2005. Google Scholar

Hylland K, Lang T, Vethaak D, eds. Biological effects of contaminants in marine pelagic ecosystems. Pensacola (FL): Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry; 2006. Google Scholar

Walker CH, Hopkin SP, Sibley RM, Peakall DB, eds. Principles of ecotoxicology. Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press; 2006. Google Scholar

Adams WJ, Chapman PM, eds. Assessing the hazard of metals and inorganic metal substances in aquatic and terrestrial systems. Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press; 2007. Google Scholar

ASTM International. Standard guide for conducting acute toxicity tests with fishes, macroinvertebrates, and amphibians; E729-96. West Conshohocken (PA): ASTM International; 2007. Google Scholar

Farris JL, van Hassel JH, eds. Freshwater bivalve ecotoxicology. Pensacola (FL): Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry; 2007. Google Scholar

Meyer JS, Clearwater SJ, Doser TA, Rogaczewski MJ, Hansen JA, eds. Effects of water chemistry on bioavailability and toxicity of waterborne Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn to freshwater organisms. Pensacola (FL): Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry; 2007. Google Scholar

Newman M, Clements W. Ecotoxicology comprehensive treatment. New York (NY): Taylor & Francis; 2007. Google Scholar

Robertson J, Savin NE, Preisler H, Russel R. Bioassays with arthropods. 2nd ed. New York (NY): Taylor & Francis; 2007. Google Scholar

ASTM International. Standard guide for conducting acute toxicity tests on aqueous ambient samples and effluents with fishes, macroinvertebrates, and amphibians; E1192-97. West Conshohocken (PA): ASTM International; 2008. Google Scholar

Di Giulio RT, Hinton DE, eds. The toxicology of fishes. Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press; 2008. Google Scholar

1. Burton GA Jr, Arnold WR, Ausley LW, Black JA, DeGraeve GM, Fulk FA, Heltshe JF, Peltier WH, Pletl JJ, Rodgers JH Jr. Effluent toxicity test variability. In: Grothe DR, Dickson KL, Reed-Judkins DK, eds. Whole effluent toxicity testing. Pensacola (FL): SETAC Press; 1996. Google Scholar

2. Pack S. A review of statistical data analysis and experimental design in OECD aquatic toxicology test guidelines; Report to OECD. Paris: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development; 1993. Google Scholar

3. Chapman GA, Anderson BS, Bailer AJ, Baird RB, Berger R, Burton DT, Denton DL, Goodfellow WL, Herber MA, McDonald LL, Norberg-King TJ, Ruffier PJ. Methods and appropriate endpoints. In: Grothe DR, Dickson KL, Reed-Judkins DK, eds. Whole effluent toxicity testing. Pensacola (FL): SETAC Press; 1996. Google Scholar

4. Kerr DR, Meador JP. Modelling dose response using generalized linear models. Environ Toxicol Chem. 1996;15(3):395–401. Google Scholar

5. Bailer AJ, Oris JT. Estimating inhibition concentrations for different response scales using generalized linear models. Environ Toxicol Chem. 1997;16(7):1554–1559. Google Scholar

6. Dobson A. An introduction to generalized linear models. London (UK): Chapman & Hall; 1990. Google Scholar

7. Bliss CI. The method of probits. Science. 1934;79(2037):38–39. Google Scholar

8. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Short-term methods for estimating the chronic toxicity of effluents and receiving waters to freshwater organisms. 4th ed.; EPA-821-R-02-013. Washington DC: Office of Water; 2002. Google Scholar

9. Erickson WP, McDonald LL. Tests for bioequivalence of control media and test media in studies of toxicity. Environ Toxicol Chem. 1995;14(7):1247–1256. Google Scholar

10. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. National pollutant discharge elimination system test of significant toxicity technical document; EPA-833-R-10-004. Washington DC: Office of Wastewater Management; 2010. Google Scholar

11. Finney DJ. Probit analysis. 3rd ed. London (UK) and New York (NY): Cambridge University Press; 1971. Google Scholar

12. Berkson J. A statistically precise and relatively simple method of estimating the bioassay with quantal response based on the logistic function. J Amer Statist Assoc. 1953;48(263):565–599. Google Scholar

13. Hamilton MA, Russo R, Thurston RV. Trimmed Spearman-Karber method for estimating median lethal concentrations in toxicity bioassays. Environ Sci Technol. 1977;11(7):714–719. Google Scholar

14. Pickering OH, Vigor WN. The acute toxicity of zinc to eggs and fry of the fathead minnow. Progr Fish-Cult. 1965;27(3):153–157. Google Scholar

15. Litchfield JT. A method for rapid graphic solution of time-percent effect curves. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1949;97(4):399–408. Google Scholar

16. Shepard MP. Resistance and tolerance of young speckled trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) to oxygen lack, with special reference to low oxygen acclimation. J Fish Res Board Can. 1955;12(3):387–434. Google Scholar

17. Sprague JB. The ABCs of pollutant bioassay using fish. In: Cairns J, Dickson KL, eds. Biological methods for the assessment of water quality; ASTM STP 528. Philadelphia (PA): American Society for Testing and Materials; 1973; p. 6. Google Scholar

18. Williams DA. Interval estimation of the median lethal dose. Biometrics. 1986;42:641–645; correction: Biometrics. 1987;42(3):1035. Google Scholar

19. Abbott WS. A method of computing the effectiveness of an insecticide. J Econ Entomol. 1925;18(2):265–267. Google Scholar

20. Stephan CE. Methods for calculating an LC₅₀. In: Mayer FL, Hamelink JL. Aquatic toxicology and hazard evaluation; ASTM STP 634. Philadelphia (PA): American Society for Testing and Materials; 1977. Google Scholar

21. Gelber RD, Lavin PT, Mehta CR, Schoenfeld DA. Statistical analysis. In: Rand GM, Petrocelli SR, eds. Fundamentals of aquatic toxicology: method and applications. New York (NY): Hemisphere; 1984. Google Scholar

22. Snedecor GW, Cochran WG. Statistical methods. 7th ed. Ames (IA): Iowa State University Press; 1980. Google Scholar

Dunnett CW. A multiple comparison procedure for comparing several treatments with a control. J Amer Statist Assoc. 1955;50(272):1096–1121. Google Scholar

Steel RGD, Torrin JH. Principles and procedures of statistics with special reference to biological sciences. New York (NY): McGraw-Hill; 1960. Google Scholar

Jensen AL. Standard error of LC₅₀ and sample size in fish bioassays. Water Res. 1972;6(1):85–89. Google Scholar

Finney DJ. Statistical methods in biological assay. 3rd ed. London (England): Griffin Press; 1978. Google Scholar

Conover WJ. Practical nonparametric statistics. 2nd ed. New York (NY): John Wiley & Sons; 1980. Google Scholar

Draper NR, John JA. Influential observations and outliers in regression. Technometrics. 1981;23(1):21–26. Google Scholar

Miller RG. Simultaneous statistical inference. New York (NY): Springer-Verlag; 1981. Google Scholar

Dixon WJ, Massey FJ Jr. Introduction to statistical analysis. 4th ed. New York (NY): McGraw Hill; 1983. Google Scholar

Finney DJ. The median lethal dose and its estimation. Arch Toxicol. 1985;56(4):215–218. Google Scholar

1. Water quality standards handbook. Washington DC: Office of Water Regulations and Standards (WH-585), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; 1984. Google Scholar

2. Technical support document for water quality-based control; EPA-505/2-90-001 (PB91-127415). Washington DC: Office of Water, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; 1991. Google Scholar

3. Grothe DR, Dickson KL, Reed-Judkins DK, eds. Whole effluent toxicity testing: An evaluation of methods and prediction of receiving system impacts. SETAC Pellston Workshop on Whole Effluent Toxicity; 1995 Sep 16–25, Pellston, Michigan. Pensacola (FL): SETAC Press; 1996. Google Scholar

4. Bergman HL, Kimerle RA, Maki AW, eds. Environmental hazard assessment of effluents. Elmsford (NY): Pergamon Press; 1985. Google Scholar

5. Methods for measuring the acute toxicity of effluents and receiving waters to freshwater and marine organisms. 5th ed.; EPA-821-R-02-012. Washington DC: Office of Water, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; 2002. Google Scholar

6. Short-term methods for estimating the chronic toxicity of effluents and receiving waters to marine and estuarine organisms. 3rd ed.; EPA-821-R-02-014. Washington DC: Office of Water, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; 2002. Google Scholar

7. Short-term methods for estimating the chronic toxicity of effluents and receiving waters to freshwater organisms. 4th ed.; EPA-821-R-02-013. Washington DC: Office of Water, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.; 2002. Google Scholar

8. Guidelines for de-riving numerical national water quality criteria for the protection of aquatic organisms and their uses; NTIS-PB85-227049. Springfield (VA): National Technical Information Services, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; 1985. Google Scholar

9. Interim guidance on determination and use of water effect ratios for metals; EPA/823-B-94-001. Washington DC: Office of Water, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; 1994. Google Scholar

10. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Environmental effects testing guidelines. 40 CFR Part 797; Fed Reg. 1985;50:39321. Google Scholar

11. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Method for conducting laboratory toxicity degradation evaluations with complex effluents. Battelle Report, March 1989; 1989. Google Scholar

12. Botts JA, Goodfellow WL, Collins MA, Morris TL, Diehl RA. Toxicity reduction evaluation guidance for municipal wastewater treatment plants. Washington DC: Office of Wastewater Management, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; 1999. Google Scholar

13. Fava JA, Lindsay D, Clement WH, DeGraeve GM, Cooney JD, Hansen SR, Rue W, Moore S, Lankford P. Generalized methodology for conducting industrial toxicity reduction evaluations; EPA-600/2-88-070. Cincinnati (OH): Risk and Reduction Engineering Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; 1989. Google Scholar