This version is an update to the 24th edition of Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater and was posted online April 18, 2025.

8220 AQUATIC EMERGENT PLANTS

CopyRight

8220 A. Introduction References
1. Mayer AM, Poljakoff-Myber A. The germination of seeds, 3rd ed. Oxford, England: Pergamon Press; 1982. Google Scholar
2. Walsh GE, Weber DE, Simon TL, Brashers LK. Toxicity tests of effluents with marsh plants in water and sediments. Environ Toxicol Chem. 1991;10(4):517–525. Google Scholar
3. Wang W, Williams J. Screening and biomonitoring of industrial effluents using phytotoxicity tests. Environ Toxicol Chem. 1988;7(8):645–652. Google Scholar
4. Wong MH, Bradshaw AD. A comparison of the toxicity of heavy metals, using root elongation of rye grass, Lolium perenne. New Phytol. 1982;91(2):255–261. Google Scholar
5. Wang W. Root elongation method for toxicity testing of organic and inorganic pollutants. Environ Toxicol Chem. 1987;6(5):409–414. Google Scholar
6. Gorsuch JW, Kringle RO, Robillard KA. Chemical effects on the germination and early growth of terrestrial plants; ASTM STP 1091. Philadelphia (PA): ASTM International; 1990. Google Scholar
7. Ratsch HC. Interlaboratory root elongation testing of toxic substances on selected plant species; EPA-600/3-83-051. Corvallis (OR): Corvallis Environmental Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; 1983. Google Scholar
8. Walsh GE, Weber DE, Brashers LK, Simon TL. Artificial sediments for use in tests with wetland plants. Environ Exper Bot. 1990;30(3):341–396. Google Scholar
9. American Society for Testing & Materials. Standard guide for conducting renewal phytotoxicity tests with freshwater emergent macrophytes; E1841-96. In: Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol. 11.06. Materials,West Conshohocken (PA): ASTM International; 2009. Google Scholar
10. American Society for Testing & Materials. Standard guide for conducting static, axenic, 14-day phytotoxicity tests in test tubes with the submersed aquatic macrophyte, Myriophyllum sibricum Komarov; E1913-04. In: Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol. 11.06. West Conshohocken (PA): ASTM International; 2009. Google Scholar
8220 A. Introduction Bibliography
Holst RW, Ellwanger TC. Pesticide assessment guidelines. Subdivision J. Hazard Evaluation: Non-Target Plants. Washington DC: Office of Pesticides and Toxic Substances, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; 1982. Google Scholar
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Toxic Substances Control Act test guidelines: environmental effects testing guidelines. 1985. 40 CFR. Part 797, Fed. Reg. 50(188):39389. Google Scholar
U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Seed germination and root elongation. In: Environmental assessment technical handbook, 4.06. Washington DC: Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Center for Veterinary Medicine; 1987. Google Scholar
Boutin C, Freemark KE, Keddy CJ. Proposed guidelines for registration of chemical pesticides: nontarget plant testing and evaluation; Environment Canada Technical Report Series No. 145. Hull, Quebec, Canada; 1993. Google Scholar
American Society for Testing & Materials. Practice for conducting early seedling growth tests; E1598-94. In: Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol. 11.05. West Conshohocken (PA): ASTM International; 2001. Google Scholar
8220 B. Selecting and Prepaparing Test Organisms References
1. American Society for Testing and Materials. Standard guide for conducting terrestrial plant toxicity tests; E1963-02. In: Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol. 11.06. West Conshohocken (PA): ASTM International; 2009. Google Scholar
2. Correll DS, Correll HB. Aquatic and wetland plants of southwestern United States. Washington DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; 1972. Google Scholar
3. Freemark K, MacQuarrie P, Swanson S, Peterson H. Development of guidelines for testing pesticide toxicity to nontarget plants for Canada; ASTM STP 1091. Philadelphia (PA); ASTM International; 1990. Google Scholar
4. Swanson SM, Rickard CP, Freemark KE, MacQuarrie P. Testing for pesticide toxicity to aquatic plants; ASTM STP 1115. Philadelphia (PA); ASTM International; 1991. Google Scholar
5. Mayer AM, Poljakoff-Myber P. The germination of seeds, 3rd ed. Oxford (UK): Pergamon Press; 1982. Google Scholar
8220 C. Toxicity Test Procedure References
1. Gorsuch JW, Kringle RO, Robillard KA. Chemical effects on the germination and early growth of terrestrial plants; ASTM STP 1091. Philadelphia (PA): ASTM International; 1990. Google Scholar
2. Wang W, Williams J. The use of phytotoxicity tests (common duckweed, cabbage, and millet) for determining effluent toxicity. Environ Monit Assess. 1990;14(1):45–58. Google Scholar
3. Wang W. Comparative rice seed toxicity tests using filter paper, Growth Pouch-TM, and seed tray methods. Environ Monit Assess. 1993;24(3):257–265. Google Scholar
4. U.S Environmental Protection Agency. Toxic substances control act test guidelines: Environmental effects testing guidelines. 1985. CFR 40. Part 797; Fed. Reg. 50(188):39389. Google Scholar
5. Ratsch HC, Johndro D. Comparative toxicity of six test chemicals to lettuce using two root elongation test methods. Environ Monit Assess. 1986;6(3):267–276. Google Scholar
6. Walsh GE, Weber DE, Simon TL, Brashers LK. Toxicity tests of effluents with marsh plants in water and sediment. Environ Toxicol Chem. 1991;10(4):517–525. Google Scholar
8220 C. Toxicity Test Procedure Bibliography
Xuan TD, Chung III M, Khanh TD, Tawata S. Identification of phototoxic substances from early growth of barnyard grass (Echinochloe crusgalli) root exudates. J Chem Ecol. 2006;32(4):895. Google Scholar
Ochiai K, Uemura S, Shimizu A, Okumoto Y, Matoh T. Boron toxicity in rice (Oryza sativa L.). I. Quantitative tract locus (QTL) analysis of tolerance to boron toxicity. Theoret Appl Genetics. 2008;117(1): 125–133. Google Scholar
Rahman MA, Hasegawa H, Rahman MM, Miah MAM, Tasmin A. Straighthead disease of rice (Oryza sativa L.) induced by arsenic toxicity. Environ Exper Botany. 2007;62(1):54–59. Google Scholar
Canas JE, Long M, Nations S, Vadan R, Dai L, Luo M, Ambikapathi R, Lee EH, Olszyk D. Effects of functionalized and nonfunctionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes on root elongation of selected crop species. Environ Toxicol Chem. 2008;27(9):1922–1931. Google Scholar
American Society for Testing and Materials. Standard guide for conducting renewal phytotoxicity tests with freshwater emergent macrophytes; E1841-04. In: Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol. 11.06. West Conshohocken (PA): ASTM International; 2009. Google Scholar

Related

No related items

TAGGED IN:

  • Biological

TOOLS

CITATION

Standard Methods Committee of the American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association, and Water Environment Federation. 8220 aquatic emergent plants In: Standard Methods For the Examination of Water and Wastewater. Lipps WC, Baxter TE, Braun-Howland E, editors. Washington DC: APHA Press.

DOI: 10.2105/SMWW.2882.163

SHARE

FROM THE DISCUSSION FORUM: