This version is an update to the 24th edition of Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater and was posted online April 18, 2025.

8420 ROTIFERS

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8420 A. Introduction References
1. Jersabek CD, Leitner MF. Rotifer World Catalog. Created 2013. Last updated 20 November 2020. Accessed 09 December 2020. http://rotifera.hausdernatur.at/ Google Scholar
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16. Ejsmont-Karabin J. Ammonia nitrogen and inorganic phosphorus excretion by the planktonic rotifers. In: Pejler, Starkweather R, Nogrady T, eds. Biology of rotifers. Dordrecht: Springer; 1983. (Developments in Hydrobiology, Volume 14) Google Scholar
17. Lubzens E,. Zmora O, Barr Y. Biotechnology and aquaculture of rotifers. Hydrobiologia. 2001;153:337–353. Google Scholar
18. American Society for Testing and Materials. Standard guide for acute toxicity test with the rotifer Brachionus; E1440-91 (2004). In: Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol. 11.05. West Conshohocken (PA): ASTM International; 2008. Google Scholar
19. Snell TW. Rotifer ingestion test for rapid toxicity assessment of fresh and marine waters. In: Blaise C, Fernals JF, eds. Small-scale freshwater environment toxicity test methods, Vol. 1. The Netherlands: Kluwer-Dordrecht; 2005. Google Scholar
20. Charoy CP, Janssen CR, Persoone G, Clement P. The swimming behavior of Brachinous calyciflorus (Rotifera) under toxic stress: I. The use of automated trajectometry for determining sublethal effects of chemicals. Aquat Toxicol. 1995;32(4):271–282. Google Scholar
21. Burbank SE,. Snell TW. Rapid toxicity assessment using esterase biomarkers in Brachionus calyciflorus (Rotifera). Environ Toxicol Water Qual. 1994;9(3):171–178. Google Scholar
22. Preston BL,. Snell TW, Robinson TL, Dingman BJ. Use of the freshwater rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus in a screening assay for potential endocrine disruptors. Environ Toxicol Chem. 2000;19(12):2923–2928. Google Scholar
23. Dahms HU, Hagiwara A, Lee JS. Ecotoxicology, ecophysiology, and mechanistic studies with rotifers. Aquatic Toxicology. 2001;101(1): 1–12. Google Scholar
8420 B. Selecting and Prepaparing Test Organisms References
1. Snell TW, Moffat BD, Janssen CR, Persoone G. Acute toxicity tests using rotifers: III. Effects of temperature, strain and exposure time on the sensitivity of Brachionus plicatilis. Environ Toxicol Water Qual. 1991;6(1):63–75. Google Scholar
2. Snell TW, Moffat BD, Janssen CR, Persoone G. Acute toxicity tests using rotifers: IV. Effects of cyst age, temperature, and salinity on the sensitivity of Brachionus calyciflorus. Ecotoxicol Environ Safety. 1991;21:308–317. Google Scholar
3. Halbach U, Siebert M, Westermayer M, Wissel C. Population ecology of rotifers as a bioassay tool for ecotoxicological tests in aquatic environments. Ecotoxicol Environ Safety 1983;7(5):484–513. Google Scholar
4. Rao, T. & S.S.S. Sarma. 1986. Demographic parameters of Brachionus patulus Muller (Rotifera) exposed to sublethal DDT concentrations at low and high food levels. Hydrobiologia. 139: 193–200. Google Scholar
5. Rogerson A, Berger J, Grosso CM. Acute toxicity of ten crude oils on the survival of the rotifer Asplanchna sieboldi and sublethal effects on rates of prey consumption and neonate production. Environ Pollut. 1982;29(3):179–187. Google Scholar
6. Schaefer ED, Pipes WO. Temperature and toxicity of chromate and arsenate to the rotifer, Philodina roseola. Water Res. 1973;7: 1781–1790. Google Scholar
7. Buikema AL, Cairns J, Sullivan GW. Evaluation of Philodina acuticornis (Rotifera) as a bioassay organism for heavy metals. Water Resource Bull. 1974;10(4):648–661. Google Scholar
8. Wallace RL, Snell TW. Rotifera. In: J.H. Thorp & A.P. Covich, eds. Ecology and classification of North American freshwater invertebrates. New York (NY): Academic Press; 2010. Google Scholar
9. Snell TW, Carmona MJ. Comparative toxicant sensitivity of sexual and asexual reproduction in the rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus. Environ Toxicol Chem. 1995;14(3):415–420. Google Scholar
8420 C . Toxicity Test Procedures References
1. Weber CI,. ed. Methods for measuring the acute toxicity of effluents and receiving waters to freshwater and marine organisms. EPA-600/4-90-027F. Cincinnati (OH): U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; 1993. Google Scholar
2. Guillard RRL. Culture of phytoplankton for feeding marine invertebrates. In: Berg CJJr, ed. Culture of marine invertebrates. Stroudsberg (PA): Hutchinson-Ross; 1983. Google Scholar
3. Starr RC, Zeikus JA. UTEX—The culture collection of algae at the University of Texas at Austin. J Phycol. 1993;29(s2):1–106. Google Scholar
4. Bruce RD, Versteeg DJ. A statistical procedure for modeling continuous toxicity data. Environ Toxicol Chem. 1992;11(10):1485–1494. Google Scholar
5. Nyholm N, Sorensen PS, Kusk KO, Christensen ER. Statistical treatment of data from microbial toxicity tests. Environ Toxicol Chem. 1992;11(2):157–167. Google Scholar
8420 C . Toxicity Test Procedures Bibliography
Snell TW, Moffat BD. A 2-day life cycle test with the rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus. Environ Toxicol Chem. 1992;11(9):1249–1257. Google Scholar
Janssen CR, Persoone G, Snell TW. Cyst-based toxicity tests. VIII. Short-chronic toxicity tests with the freshwater rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus. Aquat Toxicol. 1994;28(3-4):243–258. Google Scholar

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Standard Methods Committee of the American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association, and Water Environment Federation. 8420 rotifers In: Standard Methods For the Examination of Water and Wastewater. Lipps WC, Baxter TE, Braun-Howland E, editors. Washington DC: APHA Press.

DOI: 10.2105/SMWW.2882.165

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