The content presented here represents the most current version of this section, which was printed in the 24th edition of Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater.

8921 FATHEAD MINNOW

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8921 A. Introduction References
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8921 A. Introduction Bibliography
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8921 B. Culture and Maintenance of Test Organisms References
1. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Appendix A, Distribution, life cycle, taxonomy, and culture methods A.5. (Fathead minnow Pimephales promelas). In: Methods for measuring the acute toxicity of effluents to freshwater and marine organisms. 5nd ed. (EPA-821-R-02-012). Washington (DC): Office of Water; 2002. Google Scholar
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5. Mount DI, Chronic toxicity of copper to fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas, rafinesque). Water Res. 1968;2(3):215–223. Google Scholar
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8921 C. Toxicity Test Procedures References
1. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Methods for measuring the acute toxicity of effluents and receiving waters to freshwater and marine organisms. 5th ed. (EPA-821-R-02-012). Washington (DC): Office of Water; 2002. Google Scholar
2. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Standard evaluation procedure: acute toxicity test for freshwater fish (EPA-540/9-85-006). Washington (DC): Office of Pesticide Programs, Hazard Evaluation Division; 1985. Google Scholar
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6. E1203-98: Standard practice for using brine shrimp nauplii as food for test animals in aquatic toxicology. West Conshohocken (PA): ASTM International; 2012. Google Scholar
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8. Norberg TJ, Mount DI. A new fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) subchronic toxicity test. Environ Toxicol Chem. 1985;4(5):711–718. Google Scholar
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20. McKim JM. Early life stage toxicity tests. Appendix B. In: Rand GM, ed. Fundamentals of aquatic toxicology: effects, environmental fate, and risk assessment. 2nd ed. Washington (DC): Taylor & Francis; 1995. Google Scholar
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22. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Standard evaluation procedure: fish early-life stage test (EPA-540/9-86-138). Washington (DC): Office of Pesticide Programs, Hazard Evaluation Division; 1986. Google Scholar
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24. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Standard evaluation procedure: fish life-cycle tests (EPA-540/9-86-137). Washington (DC): Office of Pesticide Programs, Hazard Evaluation Division; 1986. Google Scholar
25. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. User’s guide for conducting life-cycle chronic toxicity tests with fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) (EPA-600/8-81-011). Duluth (MN): Environmental Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; 1982. Google Scholar
26. Mount DI. Chronic toxicity of copper to fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas, Rafinesque). Water Res. 1968;2(3):215–223. Google Scholar
27. Manner HW, Dewese CM. Early embryology of the fathead minnow Pimephales promelas Rafinesque. Anat Rec. 1974;180(1):99–109. Google Scholar
8921 C. Toxicity Test Procedures Bibliography
Cooney JE. Freshwater tests. In: Rand GM, ed. Fundamentals of aquatic toxicology: effects, environmental fate, and risk assessment. 2nd ed. Washington (DC): Taylor & Francis; 1995. Google Scholar
Van Genderen E, Ryan AC, Tomasso JR, Klaine SJ. Evaluation of acute copper toxicity to larval fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) in soft surface waters. Environ Toxicol Chem. 2005;24(2):408–414. Google Scholar
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Standard Methods Committee of the American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association, and Water Environment Federation. 8921 fathead minnow In: Standard Methods For the Examination of Water and Wastewater. Lipps WC, Baxter TE, Braun-Howland E, editors. Washington DC: APHA Press.

DOI: 10.2105/SMWW.2882.176

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